Carbon has the unique property called __________ due to which it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
catenation
_____________, a Swedish chemist proposed that a ‘vital force’ was responsible for the formation of organic compounds.
Berzilius
F. Wohler synthesised an organic compound, urea from an inorganic compound, _____________.
The pioneering synthesis of _____________- by Kolbe (1845)
acetic acid
Synthesis of _____________ by Berthelot (1856)
methane
Hybridisation influences the____________and_____________ in compounds.
bond length and bond enthalpy (strength)
The sp hybrid orbital contains more_____________ character and hence it is closer to its nucleus and forms shorter and stronger bonds than the sp3 hybrid orbital.
s
The change in hybridisation affects the electronegativity of carbon. The greater the __________ character of the hybrid orbitals, the greater is the electronegativity.
s
In a π (pi) bond formation, parallel orientation of the two ___________ orbitals on adjacent atoms is necessary for a proper sideways overlap.
p
The electron charge cloud of the π bond is located above and below the plane of bonding atoms. This results in the electrons being ________ available to the attacking reagents.
easily
In general, ________ bonds provide the most reactive centres in the molecules containing multiple bonds.
π
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Name a Non-benzenoid compound?
Name a,b,c ?
a) Furan , b)Thiophene , c)Pyridine
The members of a ____________ series can be represented by general molecular formula and the successive members differ from each other in molecular formula by a –Ch2 unit.
homologous
_________________ is a common name given to the newly discovered C60 cluster (a form of carbon)
Buckminsterfullerene
Name a,b,c,d ?
a)Anisole , b)Aniline , c)Acetophenone , d)Ethyl methyl ether
___________(Latin: little affinity) was the earlier name given to alkane compounds.
Paraffin
Name a and b ?
a)Icosane , b)Triacontane
Name the compound ?
1,3 Dimethylbutyl. Rule used:The carbon atom of the branch that attaches to the root alkane is numbered 1
While writing the trivial names of substituents’ in alphabetical order, the prefixes iso- and neo- are _________________ to be the part of the fundamental name of alkyl group. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not considered to be the part of the fundamental name.
considered
Explain the rule used to name the ccompound
substituents are in equivalent position; lower number is given to the one that comes first in the name according to alphabetical order.
Compounds having the same functional group undergo similar reactions. For example, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, and (CH3)2CHOH — all having -OH functional group liberate____________gas on reaction with sodium metal.
hydrogen.
In a full sentence, you can also say CH3OH (methanol) reacts with Na (sodium) and produce H2 (hydrogen) and CH3ONa (Sodium methoxide; Sodium methylate; Sodium methanolate; Methoxysodium; Sodiooxymethane) and list goes on.
The choice of principal functional group is made on the basis of order of preference. The order of decreasing priority for some functional groups is: -COOH, _____________, -COOR (R=alkyl group),_____________, -CONH2, -CN,-HC=O,___________, -OH, -NH2, >C=C<, -C≡C-
–SO3H, COCl, >C=O respectively
The –R, C6H5-, halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), –NO2, alkoxy (–OR) etc. are always__________substituents.
prefix
A compound containing both an alcohol and a keto group is named as ___________ since the keto group is__________ to the hydroxyl group.
hydroxyalkanone, preferred respectively.
Fill in the blanks.
a)arene , b)oxo , c)cyno , d)-oate , e)alkoxycarbonyl , f)-oate , g)Acyl Halide , h)Amino
Name the compound?
Hexa-1,3-dien-5-yne.Reason: When a molecule has both a double and triple bond the carbon chain is numbered to give the lowest possible numbers. Meaning double and triple bonds have equal priority. However if the positions of the double and triple bond are symmetrically positioned in the longest continues carbon-carbon chain then the double bond has the lower number.
According to the nomenclatures set by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC), the priority order of functional groups as well as the saturated/unsaturated compounds are as follows:
Carboxylic acids
Derivatives of carboxylic acids(esters, acid chlorides and amides, in order)
Cyanides
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines
Double bonds
Triple bonds
Single bonds
Double bond is suffixed functional group whereas NO2 is _______________functional group therefore double bond gets preference over –NO2 group
prefixed
For IUPAC nomenclature of substituted benzene compounds, the substituent is placed as_____________to the word benzene.
prefix
Name the common name of the compounds ?
a) Toluene , b)Anisole c)Aniline
Name the compound?
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
For tri - or higher substituted benzene derivatives, terms ortho (o), meta (m) and para (p)prefixes cannot be used and the compounds are named by identifying substituent positions on the ring by following the lowest locant rule.
For tri - or higher substituted benzene derivatives, terms ortho (o), meta (m) and para (p)prefixes cannot be used and the compounds are named by identifying substituent positions on the ring by following the ___________- rule.
lowest locant
Name?
Draw the Structual formula of o-Ethylanisole?
Draw the Structual formula of 2,3 - Dibromo -1 - phenylpentane?
The phenomenon of existence of two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but different properties is known as ______________________-.
isomerism
When two or more compounds differ in the position of substituent atom or functional group on the carbon skeleton, they are called _________________isomers
position
wo or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different functional groups are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is termed as__________________isomerism.
functional group
___________________arises due to different alkyl chains on either side of the functional group in the molecule.
Metamerism
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Stereoisomerism
The compounds that have the same constitution and sequence of covalent bonds but differ in relative positions of their atoms or groups in space are called __________isomers.
stereo
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Reagent
Substrate is that reactant which supplies carbon to the new bond and the other reactant is called ______________.
reagent
A sequential account of each step, describing details of electron movement, energetics during bond cleavage and bond formation, and the rates of transformation of reactants into products (kinetics) is referred to as_________________________.
reaction mechanism
Carbocations are highly unstable and __________________ species.
reactive
In heterolytic cleavage,one atom has a _____________ electronic structure and a positive charge and the other, a valence octet with at least one lone pair and a negative charge.
sextet
A species having a carbon atom possessing sextext of electrons and a positive charge is called a _______________________.
carbocation (earlier called carbonium ion)
Alkyl groups directly attached to the positively charged carbon stabilise the carbocations due to _______________ and _______________ effects
inductive and hyperconjugation
These carbocations have _____________ planar shape with positively charged carbon being ____________hybridised.
trigonal,sp^2 respectively
In homolytic cleavage,species are called _______________.
free radicals
Like carbocations and carbanions, free radicals are also very_____________.
reactive
Organic reactions, which proceed by homolytic fission are called _________or___________or_________ reactions.
free radical or homopolar or nonpolar
____________ are generally not formed in the reactions of organic compounds.
Ions
In general, a molecule whose carbon is involved in new bond formation is called_______________ and the other one is called reagent.
substrate
Reagents attack the ____________ of the substrate.
reactive site
A reagent that brings an electron pair to the reactive site is called a ____________ (Nu:) i.e., nucleus seeking
nucleophile
A reagent that takes away an electron pair from reactive site is called _____________ (E+) i.e., electron seeking
electrophile
Using curved-arrow notation, show the formation of reactive intermediates when the following covalent bonds undergo heterolytic cleavage.a) CH3–SCH3, (b) CH3–CN, (c) CH3–Cu
Can electron displacement effect in covaalent Bonds possible in its ground state?
Yes.The electron displacement in an organic molecule may take place either in the ground state under the influence of an atom or a substituent group or in the presence of an appropriate attacking reagent.
The electron displacements due to the influence of an atom or a substituent group present in the molecule cause_____________ polarlisation of the bond.
permanent
____________ effect and ___________ effects are examples of the electron displacement in the ground state under the influence of an atom or a substituent group.
Inductive,resonance
Temporary electron displacement effects are seen in a molecule when a _____________ approaches to attack it. This type of electron displacement is called _____________ effect or ___________ effect.
reagent,electromeric,polarisability
Halogens and many other groups such as nitro (- NO2), cyano (- CN), carboxy (- COOH), ester (COOR), aryloxy (-OAr, e.g. – OC6H5), etc. are electron-_____________groups.
withdrawing
Alkyl groups are usually considered as electron __________ groups.
donating
Which bond is more polar in the following pairs of molecules: H3C-NH2, H3C-OH
C–O
Which bond is more polar in the following pairs of molecules: H3C-OH, H3C-SH
C–O
The resonance structures (_____________ structures or contributing structures) are hypothetical and individually do not represent any real molecule.
canonical
The energy of actual structure of the molecule (the resonance hybrid) is ______ than that of any of the canonical structures.
lower
The difference in energy between the ____________ and the lowest energy resonance structure is called the resonance stabilisation energy or simply the resonance energy.
actual structure
The ____________ effect is defined as ‘the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two π-bonds or between a π-bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom’.
resonance
There are two types of resonance or _____________ effect designated as R or M effect.
mesomeric
Aniline shows +R/-R (R=Resonance) effect?
+R
Nitrobenzene shows +R/-R (R=Resonance) effect?
-R
Halogen shows +R/-R (R=Resonance) effect?
+R . Reason:Halogen shows positive resonance effect as they have a tendency to donate electrons to double bond or conjugated systems (alternate double bond system).Benzene has a conjugated system hence halogen donates its electron in the ring acquiring a positive charge.
Does halogen Show +M effect?
Halo group activates benzene ring by mesomeric effect and destabilizes it by inductive effect. This statement is correct as halogens have lone pairs of electrons which they can donate to the ring and increase the electron density of the ring this is +M effect or mesomeric effect.
– COOH shows +R/-R (R=Resonance) effect?
-R.The oxygen atom in the -COOH group is highly electronegative. Thus, this atom pulls electrons of sigma bond towards itself attributing to electron withdrawing nature of the group.
Which of the following has +R (resonance) effect?
A)
−CN
B)
−CHO
C)
−NH
2
D)
−NO
2
orrect option is C)
The electron withdrawing or releasing effect of a substituent through delocalization of π electrons, is known as resonance effect.
In −NH
2
, N has a lone pair of electron and it can transfer this pair to conjugated π bond. Since the electron pair is transferred away from −NH
2
, it has +R effect.
+R effect: – halogen, –OH, –OR, –OCOR, –NH2, –NHR, –NR2, –NHCOR,
– R effect: – COOH, –CHO, >C=O, – CN, –NO2
