Answer:1. Biosynthesis
Downstream Processing
After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected
through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product. The processes include separation and purification, which are
collectively referred to as downstream processing. The product has to be
formulated with suitable preservatives. Such formulation has to undergo
thorough clinical trials as in case of drugs. Strict quality control testing
for each product is also required. The downstream processing and quality
control testing vary from product to product.
Expression is a component of the process of biosynthesis.
This occurs in the bioreactor and not during downstream processing.
Expression is the ability to produce the product using the given substrate in the medium.
Three critical research areas of
biotechnology are:
(i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved
organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme.
(ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for
a catalyst to act, and
(iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the
protein/organic compound.
