.Match List-I with List-II
| List-I | List-II |
| (a) Filariasis | (i) Haemophilus influenzae |
| (b) Amoebiasis | (ii) Trichophyton |
| (c) Pneumonia | (iii) Wuchereria bancrofti |
| (d) Ringworm | (iv) Entamoeba histolytica |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | |
| 1. | (i) | (ii) | (iv) | (iii) |
| 2. | (ii) | (iii) | (i) | (iv) |
| 3. | (iv) | (i) | (iii) | (ii) |
| 4. | (iii) | (iv) | (i) | (ii) |
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
4.(iii)(iv)(i)(ii)
A detailed solution :
Tricho-
👉Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum,
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are
responsible for ringworms which is one of
the most common infectious diseases in man.
These lesions are accompanied
by intense itching. Heat and moisture help
these fungi to grow, which makes them thrive
in skin folds such as those in the groin or
between the toes.
👉A bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an
immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by
the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
👉A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant
disease is the fungus Trichoderma. Trichoderma species are free-living
fungi that are very common in the root ecosystems. They are effective
biocontrol agents of several plant pathogens.
👉Deuteromycetes: imperfect fungi because only the asexual or
vegetative phases of these fungi.The deuteromycetes reproduce
only by asexual spores
known as conidia.Some examples are
Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.
👉The epidermal tissue system forms the outer-most covering of the whole
plant body and comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal
appendages – the trichomes and hairs.
👉On the stem the epidermal hairs are called
trichomes. The trichomes in the shoot system are usually multicellular.
They may be branched or unbranched and soft or stiff. They may even
be secretory. The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to
transpiration.
👉Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse
are collectively called sexually transmitted infections (STI) or venereal
diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI). Gonorrhoea, syphilis,
genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B
and of course, the most discussed infection in the recent years, HIV leading
to AIDS are some of the common STIs.
Filaria
👉Ascaris, the common round worm and Wuchereria,
the filarial worm, are some of the helminths which are
known to be pathogenic to man.
👉Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial
worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation
of the organs in which they live for many years, usually
the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease
is called elephantiasis or filariasis . The
genital organs are also often affected, resulting in gross
deformities. The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy
person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.
👉For diseases such as malaria and filariasis that are transmitted through
insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the
vectors and their breeding places. This can be achieved by avoiding
stagnation of water in and around residential areas, regular cleaning of
household coolers, use of mosquito nets, introducing fishes like Gambusia
in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, spraying of insecticides in ditches,
drainage areas and swamps, etc.
👉Phylum – Aschelminthes
The body of the aschelminthes is circular in
cross-section, hence, the name roundworms
. They may be freeliving, aquatic
and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.
Roundworms have organ-system level of body
organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals.
Alimentary canal is complete with a welldeveloped
muscular pharynx. An excretory
tube removes body wastes from the body cavity
through the excretory pore. Sexes are separate
(dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.
Often females are longer than males. Fertilisation
is internal and development may be direct (the
young ones resemble the adult) or indirect.
Examples : Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria
(Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
Haemop-
👉Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
are responsible for the disease pneumonia in humans which infects the
alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs. As a result of the infection, the alveoli
get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration. The symptoms
of pneumonia include fever, chills, cough and headache. In severe cases,
the lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour. A healthy
person acquires the infection by inhaling the droplets/aerosols released
by an infected person or even by sharing glasses and utensils with an
infected person. Dysentery, plague, diphtheria, etc., are some of the other
bacterial diseases in man.
👉Most common
and prevalent Mendelian disorders are Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell
anaemia, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria, Thalassemia, etc.
👉The trait
may also be linked to the sex chromosome as in case of haemophilia.
👉Haemophilia : This sex linked recessive disease, which shows its
transmission from unaffected carrier female to some of the male progeny
has been widely studied. In this disease, a single protein that is a part of
the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. Due to
this, in an affected individual a simple cut will result in non-stop bleeding.
The heterozygous female (carrier) for haemophilia may transmit the disease
to sons. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely
rare because mother of such a female has to be at least carrier and the
father should be haemophilic (unviable in the later stage of life). The family
pedigree of Queen Victoria shows a number of haemophilic descendents
as she was a carrier of the disease.
Entamoeba
👉Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite in the large intestine of
human which causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery). Symptoms of
this disease include constipation, abdominal pain and cramps, stools
with excess mucous and blood clots. Houseflies act as mechanical carriers
and serve to transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person to food.
👉Protozoans
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or
parasites. They are believed to be primitive relatives of
animals. There are four major groups of protozoans.
Amoeboid protozoans: These organisms live in fresh
water, sea water or moist soil. They move and capture
their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba. Marine
forms have silica shells on their surface. Some of them such as Entamoeba
are parasites.
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Match the following columns and select the correct option :
Column - I Column - II
(i) Typhoid (a) Haemophilus influenzae
(ii) Malaria (b) Wuchereria bancrofti
(iii) Pneumonia (c) Plasmodium vivax
(iv) Filariasis (d) Salmonella typhi
1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
2. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
3. (i)-(a), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(d)
4. (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
Filaria
👉Ascaris, the common round worm and Wuchereria,
the filarial worm, are some of the helminths which are
known to be pathogenic to man.
👉Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial
worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation
of the organs in which they live for many years, usually
the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease
is called elephantiasis or filariasis . The
genital organs are also often affected, resulting in gross
deformities. The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy
person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.
👉For diseases such as malaria and filariasis that are transmitted through
insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the
vectors and their breeding places. This can be achieved by avoiding
stagnation of water in and around residential areas, regular cleaning of
household coolers, use of mosquito nets, introducing fishes like Gambusia
in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, spraying of insecticides in ditches,
drainage areas and swamps, etc.
👉Phylum – Aschelminthes
The body of the aschelminthes is circular in
cross-section, hence, the name roundworms
. They may be freeliving, aquatic
and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.
Roundworms have organ-system level of body
organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals.
Alimentary canal is complete with a welldeveloped
muscular pharynx. An excretory
tube removes body wastes from the body cavity
through the excretory pore. Sexes are separate
(dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.
Often females are longer than males. Fertilisation
is internal and development may be direct (the
young ones resemble the adult) or indirect.
Examples : Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria
(Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
Malaria
👉Protozoans
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or
parasites. They are believed to be primitive relatives of
animals. There are four major groups of protozoans.
👉Amoeboid protozoans: These organisms live in fresh
water, sea water or moist soil. They move and capture
their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba. Marine
forms have silica shells on their surface. Some of them such as Entamoeba
are parasites.
👉Flagellated protozoans: The members of this group are either free-living
or parasitic. They have flagella. The parasitic forms cause diaseases such
as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma.
👉Ciliated protozoans: These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because
of the presence of thousands of cilia. They have a cavity (gullet) that opens
to the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated movement of rows of
cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet. Example:
Paramoecium
👉Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious
spore-like stage in their life cycle. The most notorious is Plasmodium
(malarial parasite) which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering
effect on human population.
👉Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You might
have heard about malaria, a disease man has been fighting since many
years. Plasmodium, a tiny protozoan is responsible for this disease. Different
species of Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) are
responsible for different types of malaria. Of these, malignant malaria caused
by Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious one and can even be fatal.
👉Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form)
through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites
initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells
(RBCs) resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBCs is associated with
release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill
and high fever recurring every three to four days. When a female Anopheles
mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s
body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply within
them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When
these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/
her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above. It is interesting
to note that the malarial parasite requires two hosts – human and
mosquitoes – to complete its life cycle
👉For diseases such as malaria and filariasis that are transmitted through
insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the
vectors and their breeding places.
👉Vector-borne diseases
like malaria especially one caused by Plasmodium falciparum, if not
treated, may prove fatal.
Haemop-
👉Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
are responsible for the disease pneumonia in humans which infects the
alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs. As a result of the infection, the alveoli
get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration. The symptoms
of pneumonia include fever, chills, cough and headache. In severe cases,
the lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour. A healthy
person acquires the infection by inhaling the droplets/aerosols released
by an infected person or even by sharing glasses and utensils with an
infected person. Dysentery, plague, diphtheria, etc., are some of the other
bacterial diseases in man.
👉Most common
and prevalent Mendelian disorders are Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell
anaemia, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria, Thalassemia, etc.
👉The trait
may also be linked to the sex chromosome as in case of haemophilia.
👉Haemophilia : This sex linked recessive disease, which shows its
transmission from unaffected carrier female to some of the male progeny
has been widely studied. In this disease, a single protein that is a part of
the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. Due to
this, in an affected individual a simple cut will result in non-stop bleeding.
The heterozygous female (carrier) for haemophilia may transmit the disease
to sons. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely
rare because mother of such a female has to be at least carrier and the
father should be haemophilic (unviable in the later stage of life). The family
pedigree of Queen Victoria shows a number of haemophilic descendents
as she was a carrier of the disease.
Typhoid
👉Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid
fever in human beings. These pathogens generally enter the small intestine
through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other
organs through blood. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C), weakness,
stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite are some of
the common symptoms of this disease. Intestinal perforation and death
may occur in severe cases.
👉Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test.
👉A classic case in medicine, that of Mary Mallon nicknamed
Typhoid Mary, is worth mentioning here. She was a cook by profession
and was a typhoid carrier who continued to spread typhoid for several
years through the food she prepared.
👉infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as typhoid,
amoebiasis and ascariasis
👉Sewage from our homes as well as from hospitals are
likely to contain many undesirable pathogenic microorganisms,
and its disposal into a water without proper
treatment may cause outbreak of serious diseases, such
as, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera, etc.
👉Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well
known diseases caused by different bacteria.
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Asthma may be attributed to
1. allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs2. inflammation of the trachea
3. accumulation of fluid in the lungs
4. bacterial infection of the lungs
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs
👉Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation
of bronchi and bronchioles.
👉Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged
due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of
this is cigarette smoking.
👉Occupational Respiratory Disorders: In certain industries, especially
those involving grinding or stone-breaking, so much dust is produced
that the defense mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with the
situation. Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis
(proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage.
Workers in such industries should wear protective masks.
👉Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies and bronchial
afflictions in some people often leading to chronic respiratory
disorders– asthma, bronchitis, etc. It may be mentioned that Parthenium
or carrot grass that came into India as a contaminant with imported wheat,
has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes pollen allergy.
👉Somehow, modern-day
life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to
allergens – more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from
allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment.
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens
present in the environment is called allergy. The substances to which
such an immune response is produced are called allergens. The antibodies
produced to these are of IgE type. Common examples of allergens are
mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc.
Inflammation
👉Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney.
👉Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
👉Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.
👉Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial
worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation
of the organs in which they live for many years, usually
the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease
is called elephantiasis or filariasis
👉According to
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), particulate size 2.5 micrometers
or less in diameter (PM 2.5) are responsible for causing the greatest harm
to human health. These fine particulates can be inhaled deep into the
lungs and can cause breathing and respiratory symptoms, irritation,
inflammations and damage to the lungs and premature deaths.
👉UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B, are almost completely
absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But,
UV-B damages DNA and mutation may occur. It causes aging of skin,
damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers. In human eye,
cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes
inflammation of cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such
exposure may permanently damage the cornea.
👉The inflammation of the intestinal tract is the most common ailment due
to bacterial or viral infections. The infections are also caused by the
parasites of the intestine like tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm,
hookworm, pin worm, etc.
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Which of the following immunoglobulins does constitute the largest percentage in human milk? NEET 2015
1. IgD
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgG
.Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the newborn infants because it contains: NEET 2019
1. Immunoglobulin A
2. Natural killer cells
3. Monocytes
4. Macrophages
.The yellowish fluid "colostrum" secreted by mammary glands of the mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant. This type of immunity is called as : NEET 2021
1. Passive immunity
2. Active immunity
3. Acquired immunity
4. Autoimmunity
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
👉The B-lymphocytes produce an
army of proteins in response to
pathogens into our blood to fight
with them. These proteins are
called antibodies. The
T-cells themselves do not secrete
antibodies but help B cells to
produce them. Each antibody
molecule has four peptide chains,
two small called light chains and
two longer called heavy chains.
Hence, an antibody is represented
as H2L2. Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM,
IgE, IgG are some of them. A cartoon of an antibody is given in Figure
8.4. Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also
called as humoral immune response. This is one of the two types of
our acquired immune response – antibody mediated. The second type is
called cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity
(CMI). The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI. Very often, when some human
organs like heart, eye, liver, kidney fail to function satisfactorily,
transplantation is the only remedy to enable the patient to live a normal
life. Then a search begins – to find a suitable donor.
👉Grafts from just any source – an animal, another primate, or any
human beings cannot be made since the grafts would be rejected sooner
or later. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before
undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to
take immuno–suppresants all his/her life. The body is able to differentiate
‘self ’ and ‘nonself’ and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible
for the graft rejection.
👉Active and Passive Immunity
When a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living
or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host
body. This type of immunity is called active immunity. Active immunity
is slow and takes time to give its full effective response. Injecting the
microbes deliberately during immunisation or infectious organisms
gaining access into body during natural infection induce active
immunity. When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect
the body against foreign agents, it is called passive immunity. Do you
know why mother’s milk is considered very essential for the newborn
infant? The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during
the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the
infant. The foetus also receives some antibodies from their mother,
through the placenta during pregnancy. These are some examples of
passive immunity.
👉Allergies
When you have gone to a new place and suddenly you started sneezing,
wheezing for no explained reason, and when you went away, your
symptoms dissappeared. Did this happen to you? Some of us are sensitive
to some particles in the environment. The above-mentioned reaction could
be because of allergy to pollen, mites, etc., which are different in different
places.
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens
present in the environment is called allergy. The substances to which
such an immune response is produced are called allergens. The antibodies
produced to these are of IgE type. Common examples of allergens are
mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc. Symptoms of allergic reactions
include sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing.
Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin
from the mast cells. For determining the cause of allergy, the patient is
exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens, and the
reactions studied. The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin and
steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. Somehow, modern-day
life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to
allergens – more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from
allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be
because of the protected environment provided early in life.
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
1. B-lymphocytes
2. leucocytes
3. helper T-lymphocytes
4. thrombocytes
2. leucocytes
3. helper T-lymphocytes
4. thrombocytes
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
3. helper T-lymphocytes
HIV
👉The word AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
This means deficiency of immune system, acquired during the lifetime of
an individual indicating that it is not a congenital disease. ‘Syndrome’
means a group of symptoms.
👉AIDS was first reported in 1981 and in the
last twenty-five years or so, it has spread all over the world killing more
than 25 million persons.
👉AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV), a
member of a group of viruses called retrovirus, which have an envelope
enclosing the RNA genome
👉Transmission of HIV-infection
generally occurs by (a) sexual contact with infected person, (b) by
transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products, (c) by sharing
infected needles as in the case of intravenous drug abusers and (d) from
infected mother to her child through placenta.
👉After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages
where RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of
the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This viral DNA gets incorporated into host
cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles.
The macrophages continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV
factory.
👉Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper
T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny
viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes. This is
repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper Tlymphocytes
in the body of the infected person. During this period, the person
suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss. Due to decrease in
the number of helper T lymphocytes, the person starts suffering from infections
that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to bacteria
especially Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like Toxoplasma.
The patient becomes so immuno-deficient that he/she is unable to protect
himself/herself against these infections.
👉A widely used diagnostic test for
AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).
👉Treatment of AIDS
with anti-retroviral drugs is only partially effective. They can only prolong
the life of the patient but cannot prevent death, which is inevitable.
👉PCR is now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected
AIDS patients. It is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected
cancer patients too. It is a powerful techqnique to identify many other
genetic disorders.
👉SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS):
Some of these infections like hepatitis–B and HIV can also be
transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc.,
with infected persons, transfusion of blood, or from an infected mother to
the foetus too. Except for hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections,
other diseases are completely curable if detected early and treated
properly.
Macrophage
👉Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres loosely
arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance, for example,
areolar tissue present beneath the skin . Often
it serves as a support framework for epithelium. It
contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres),
macrophages and mast cells. Adipose tissue is another
type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the
skin. The cells of this tissue are specialised to store fats.
The excess of nutrients which are not used immediately
are converted into fats and are stored in this tissue.
👉Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes
in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed
by the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements
like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement.
👉Cellular barriers : Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body
like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and
monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as
well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy
microbes.
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering
branch is shown below?
1. Hallucinogen
2. Depressant
3. Stimulant
4. Pain-killer
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. Hallucinogen
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in
1. gut of female Anopheles
2. salivary glands of Anopheles
3. human RBCs
4. human liver
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. gut of female Anopheles
100% NCERT covered from Particular Keyword.Explanations are 100% from NCERT |
Plasmodium
👉Vector-borne diseases
like malaria especially one caused by Plasmodium falciparum, if not
treated, may prove fatal.
👉Slime Moulds
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. The body moves
along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic
material. Under suitable conditions, they form an
aggregation called plasmodium which may grow and
spread over several feet. During unfavourable conditions,
the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies
bearing spores at their tips. The spores possess true walls.
They are extremely resistant and survive for many years,
even under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed
by air currents.
👉Protozoans
Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious
spore-like stage in their life cycle. The most notorious is Plasmodium
(malarial parasite) which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering
effect on human population.
👉Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You might
have heard about malaria, a disease man has been fighting since many
years. Plasmodium, a tiny protozoan is responsible for this disease. Different
species of Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) are
responsible for different types of malaria. Of these, malignant malaria caused
by Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious one and can even be fatal.
👉Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form)
through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites
initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells
(RBCs) resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBCs is associated with
release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill
and high fever recurring every three to four days. When a female Anopheles
mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s
body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply within
them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When
these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/
her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above. It is interesting
to note that the malarial parasite requires two hosts – human and
mosquitoes – to complete its life cycle
👉
⬆️Prev____@organised notes_____Next⬇️
.Widal test is carried out to test
1. malaria
2. diabetes mellitus
3. HIV/AIDS
4. typhoid fever
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
4. typhoid fever
Test
👉Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid
fever in human beings. These pathogens generally enter the small intestine
through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other
organs through blood. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C), weakness,
stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite are some of
the common symptoms of this disease. Intestinal perforation and death
may occur in severe cases. Typhoid fever could be confirmed by
Widal test .
👉A widely used diagnostic test for
AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).
*The BOD test measures the
rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water
and thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present
in the water. The greater the BOD of waste water, more is its polluting
potential.
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.Which one of the following acts as a physiological barrier to the entry of microorganisms
in human body?
1. Tears
2. Monocytes
3. Skin
4. Epithelium of urogenital tract
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. Tears
Innate Immunity
Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the
time of birth. This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers
to the entry of the foreign agents into our body. Innate immunity consist
of four types of barriers. These are —
(i) Physical barriers : Skin on our body is the main barrier which
prevents entry of the micro-organisms. Mucus coating of the
epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital
tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body.
(ii) Physiological barriers : Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth,
tears from eyes–all prevent microbial growth.
(iii) Cellular barriers : Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body
like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and
monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as
well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy
microbes.
(iv) Cytokine barriers : Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called
interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral
infection.
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.Select the correct statement from the ones given below
1. Barbiturates when given to criminals make them tell the truth
2. Morphine is often given to persons who have under gone surgery as a pain killer
3. Chewing tobacco lowers blood pressure and heart rate
4. Cocaine is given to patients after surgery as it stimulates recovery
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
2. Morphine is often given to persons who have under gone surgery as a pain killer
👉Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines,
benzodiazepines, and other similar drugs, that are
normally used as medicines to help patients cope with
mental illnesses like depression and insomnia.
👉Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful
in patients who have undergone surgery.
👉Excessive dosage of cocaine
causes hallucinations. Other well-known plants with
hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and
Datura.
👉Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca
plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It
interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter
dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is
usually snorted. It has a potent stimulating action on
central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria
and increased energy.
👉The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis
plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish,
charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these
are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.
👉Generally taken by snorting
and injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.
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.Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic
drug specified?
1. Hashish causes alter thought perceptions and hallucinations
2. Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations
3. Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions
4. Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria
.
.
Answer ▽ ✅Verified
1. Hashish causes alter thought perceptions and hallucinations
👉Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines,
benzodiazepines, and other similar drugs, that are
normally used as medicines to help patients cope with
mental illnesses like depression and insomnia.
👉Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful
in patients who have undergone surgery.
👉Excessive dosage of cocaine
causes hallucinations. Other well-known plants with
hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and
Datura.
👉Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca
plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It
interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter
dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is
usually snorted. It has a potent stimulating action on
central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria
and increased energy.
👉The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis
plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish,
charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these
are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.
👉Generally taken by snorting
and injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.
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