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Question.AIIMS - 2013
Wernickes syndrome is generally common in alcoholic person; which is characterised by less mental activity and dual vision. It is caused by the deficiency of
(1) riboflavin
(2) pyridoxine
(3) thiamine
(4) retinol
Answer
Hint: Various enzymes are working in our body to coordinate its functionality. The genetic or chromosomal disorders are passed on to generations when there is a mutation in them. But any change in the enzymes metabolism can affect only the particular generation. But the changes in the chromosomes can be transferred to the next generations.
Complete answer: Any malfunction in our metabolism or the entry of any foreign material in our body can cause disease. It could be genetic, mental, physical, pathogenic etc. Various microbes can enter our body and cause diseases like bacteria, virus, fungi etc. Some of these can be fatal if not treated on time. Some diseases that are communicable to others via contact, air, water, etc are communicable diseases. Some of the diseases rather syndromes are caused by some changes in the genetic material or the chromosomes. This can happen due to exposure to UV light, mutagens etc. Some are developed during their lifetime due to some deficiency of nutrients or amino acids. Wernicke’s syndrome is one of those in which there is a deficiency of thiamine that is Vitamin B. This prolonged deficiency will cause decreased mental state and dual vision. This will result in depression capability.
Option A: Riboflavin: Lack of riboflavin will cause ariboflavinosis, this causes reduced absorption of iron and thus the person becomes anemic.
Option B: Thiamine: Thiamine reduction will reduce mental state and dual vision causing Wernicke’s syndrome.
Option C: Pyridoxine: It is a deficiency of vitamin B6. This can also be caused by alcohol but has a major effect as cheilosis, dermatitis, glossitis, etc.
Option D: Retinol: Vitamin A deficiency causes harm to fat absorption in the body, this lowers the immunity and hematopoiesis.
So the answer is option B: Thiamine
Note: This syndrome can be treated by intake of Vitamin B1 in the intravenous line. It can also be taken orally. Anti alcohol steps must be taken. A person should remain calm and have a healthy diet. A hydrated body is very necessary in this condition.
Question.AIIMS - 2002
In adults, curdling of the milk in small intestine occurs due to the action of
1. rennin
2. erypsine
3. trypsin
4. chymotrypsin
Answer
Curdling of milk in small intestine is due to the presence of chymotrypsin. In babies curdling of milk occurs in stomach due to the presence of enzyme renin but in adults curdling occurs in small intestine by chymotrypsin enzyme which coagulate milk protein casein into curd.
So, the correct option is is 'Chymotrypsin'.
Question.AIIMS - 2017
Which of the following option is correct regarding digestion of food substrates ?
Answer
d
Question.AIIMS - 2007
A child took sugar cane and sucked its juice. Regarding this which of the following match is correct ?
| Substrate | Enzyme | Site of secretion of enzyme | Products formed |
(1) | Proteins | Pepsin | Duodenum | Polypetides |
(2) | Starch | Amylase | Salivary glands | Glucose |
(3) | Lipids | Lipase | Pancreas | Fat globules |
(4) | Sucrose | Invertase | Duodenum | Glucose + Fructose |
Answer
4
Question.AIIMS - 2003
Excessive stimulation of vagus nerve in humans may lead to:
1. hoarse voice
2. peptic ulcers
3. efficient digestion of proteins
4. irregular contractions of diaphragm.
Answer
2
Hint: Vagus nerve also called the pneumogastric nerve is the longest cranial nerve in the 12 cranial nerves of the body. It is the 10th cranial nerve or X cranial nerve and the longest cranial nerve. It has the most extensive distribution of the cranial nerves.
Complete answer:
The word ‘Vagus’ means wandering in Latin. The Vagus nerve is the most complex and mixed nerve that contains parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers. It runs from the brain to the abdomen via the face and thorax. It is the major component of the autonomic nervous system and has two sensory ganglia - superior and inferior. It is a part of a system that connects the neck, heart, lungs, and abdomen to the brain. It is majorly responsible for both sensory activities and motor information for movement within the body. Its sensory functions are divided into two components- Somatic (sensations felt on the skin or in the muscles) and Visceral (sensations felt in the organs). Its functions include- Metabolic homeostasis, balancing the nervous system, obtaining sensations from the throat, heart, lungs, abdomen, and tongue, movement functions for muscles in the neck, and maintains the heart rate, respiration, and digestive tract. Its fibers stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system of the stomach which stimulates gastric secretion, a dominant function of this nerve.
In the conditions of stress, the vagus nerve gets stimulated and sends a message to the body to relax. Excessive stimulation of the vagus nerve will stimulate excessive gastric secretion. Gastric acid hypersecretory state leads to peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Let us analyze the options to find the correct answer.
Option A: Hoarse voice is the side effect of the vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy. Therefore, this is the incorrect option.
Option B: Peptic ulcers occur when there is excessive stimulation of the vagus nerve as that affects gastric secretion. An increase in the secretion of gastric acid or peptic acid damages the lining of the stomach and causes painful soars which later forms ulcers. Therefore, this is the correct option.
Option C: The vagus nerve helps in the process of digestion but its overstimulation has no effect on the efficiency of the digestion of protein. Therefore, this is the incorrect option.
Option D: incorrect
Hence, the correct answer is option (2)
Note: Vagus nerve stimulation is also used for refractory epilepsy and as a treatment of mental depression which is generally untreatable. It is also explored for medical conditions like migraine and Alzheimer’s disease. Its excessive secretion affects gastrointestinal secretion. This nerve innervates the greater part of the digestive tract.
Question.AIIMS - 2002
Which of the following teeth are lophodont?
A. Incisor and canine
B. Molar
C. Canine and premolar
D. Premolar and incisor
Answer
Complete answer:
What is lophodont? Having Transverse ridges/crowns on the surface is lophodont. Lophodont teeth have elongated transverse ridges between the cusps, they are called lophs. They are located between the lingual and labial parts of the tooth.
Option A: Incisor and canine: Incisors bite into the food while the canine being the sharper ones are used to tear the food. Canines have longer roots than the incisors.
Option B: Molar: They have hard ridges called lophs. It is placed in the perpendicular or along the dental row. They help the herbivores in grinding their food, especially rodents.
Option C: Canine and premolar: Canines are used for tearing the food but the premolars crush the food simply. Premolars have flat surfaces while making them less shart and help them in holding and crushing food.
Option D: Premolar and incisor: Incisor bite in the food while the premolar crushes it. Premolars are like flat structures for holding the food.
So the answer is option B: Molar.
Note:
The enamel on the tooth is the hardest part of the entire body. Our mouth has the utmost bacterias. A tooth can heal itself. The teeth set of each person is different like a fingerprint. Our mouth produces so much saliva throughout life to fill two swimming pools.
Question.AIIMS - 2017
Wharton's duct is the duct of
(1) submandibular salivary gland
(2) paritid gland
(3) sublingual gland
(4) all of these.
Answer
Hint: The salivary gland is a type of digestive gland . Saliva is produced by the pairs of three salivary glands namely Parotids, submaxillary, sublingual gland. These glands are situated just outside the buccal cavity and they secrete salivary juice in the buccal cavity. Saliva contains salivary amylase, maltase and lysozyme.
Complete answer:
Salivary glands: Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands. These are:-
- Parotids: Found near the cheek and these are the largest salivary glands (opens through Stenson's duct).
- Submaxillary/Submandibular: Found at lower jaw (opens through Wharton’s duct).
- Sublinguals: Found below tongue and these are the smallest salivary glands (opens through Rivinus duct).
Question.From NCERT AIIMS - 2016
In mammals, the teeth are.
I. only two sets, present throughout life.
II. embedded in the socket of the jaw bones.
III. different types.
These conditions are respectively referred as
1. diphyodont, heterodont and thecodont
2. diphyodont, thecodont and heterodont
3. the codont, diphyodont and heterodont
4. thecodon, heterodont and diphyodont
Answer
2
Question.From NCERT AIIMS - 2013
Which of the following gastric secretions is correctly matched with its source?
(1) Pepsin-Chief cells
(2) Chymotrypsin-Parietal cells
(3) HCl-Goblet cells
(4) Mucus-Oxyntic cells
Answer
1
Question. From NCERT AIIMS - 2013
Brunner's gland are characteristic feature of:-
(1) jejunum of small intestine
(2) ileum
(3) duodenum
(4) fundic region of stomach
Answer
3
