Reasoning: Analogy

Question 1. Complete the analogy: Poodle: Dog:: Moose: ____?

(a) Duck

(b) Donkey

(d) Deer

Detailed Solution

Correct Answer: (d) Deer

Explanation:

The relationship in the first pair, "Poodle: Dog," is that of a specific type to its general category. A Poodle is a specific breed or type of Dog.

To complete the analogy, we must apply the same relationship to the second pair. We need to find the general category to which a Moose belongs. A Moose is a specific species that belongs to the Deer family (Cervidae). Therefore, "Deer" is the correct general category.

The complete analogy is: Poodle is to Dog as Moose is to Deer.

Competitive Approach

Competitive Shortcut / Optimal Method:

Identify the Relationship: Instantly recognize the relationship in the first pair, "Poodle: Dog." The relationship is "Specific : General" or "Type : Category."
Apply the Relationship: Ask yourself, "A Moose is a type of what?"
Eliminate Options: Quickly scan the choices.
- Is a Moose a type of Duck? No (different animal classes).
- Is a Moose a type of Donkey? No (different animal families).
- Is a Moose a type of Fowl? No (Fowl refers to birds).
Confirm the Answer: The only logical option left is Deer. A Moose is scientifically classified as the largest species in the deer family. Select (d) and move on.

Time-to-Solve Benchmark: Target Time: 5–10 seconds

Analysis of Options

Option (a) Duck

Key Points: A duck is a waterfowl, a type of bird belonging to the family Anatidae. Ducks are completely unrelated to moose, which are large mammals. This option is incorrect as it does not fit the required categorical relationship.

Option (b) Donkey

Key Points: A donkey, or ass, is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae. While both donkeys and moose are mammals, they belong to different biological orders and families. A moose is not a type of donkey.

Option (c) Fowl

Key Points: Fowl is a general term for birds of two biological orders, typically those kept for their eggs or flesh, such as chickens, turkeys, or geese. Since a moose is a mammal, this option is incorrect.

Option (d) Deer

Key Points: This is the correct option. The deer family, Cervidae, includes various species such as elk, reindeer, roe deer, and moose. The moose (Alces alces) is the largest and heaviest extant species in the deer family. This option perfectly mirrors the "Specific Type : General Category" relationship established by "Poodle : Dog."

Related Key Points for Competitive Exams

Analogies are a fundamental part of reasoning sections in competitive exams. Questions can be based on various types of relationships. Aspirants should be familiar with the following common patterns:

Type and Category: (Example: Lizard : Reptile)
Part to Whole: (Example: Petal : Flower)
Cause and Effect: (Example: Virus : Disease)
Worker and Tool: (Example: Sculptor : Chisel)
Worker and Workplace: (Example: Farmer : Field)
Object and Function: (Example: Needle : Sew)
Synonyms and Antonyms: (Example: Mend : Repair :: Harm : Injure)
Study and Topic: (Example: Cardiology : Heart)
Intensity/Degree: (Example: Drizzle : Downpour)
Individual and Group: (Example: Lion : Pride)

Key Concepts for Competitive Exams (In-depth)

Concept: Analogies (Verbal Reasoning)

Conceptual Overview and Definition

An analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. In verbal reasoning tests, it is presented as a problem where the relationship between two words must be identified and used to find a third word that has a similar relationship with a fourth word. The standard format is A : B :: C : D, which is read as "A is to B as C is to D".

Core Principles, Characteristics, and Formulas

The fundamental principle of solving analogies is to accurately identify the relationship between the first pair of words (A and B). Once this relationship is established, the same logical relationship must be applied to find the missing word. The process involves:

Decoding the Relationship: Determine the precise connection between A and B. Is it a cause-effect, part-whole, synonym, etc.?
Applying the Relationship: Apply the exact same connection starting from C to find D.
Evaluating Options: Choose the option that best fits this derived relationship.

Classification and Types

Analogical relationships can be categorized in many ways. Understanding these types helps in quickly decoding the logic.

Type of Relationship	Description	Example
Type and Category	One word is a specific example of the other general category.	Frog : Amphibian
Part to Whole	One word is a component or part of the other.	Cockpit : Aeroplane
Cause and Effect	One word is the cause of the other.	Fire : Smoke
Worker and Tool	One word is the person, and the other is the tool they use.	Author : Pen
Object and Function	One word is an object, and the other is its primary function.	Axe : Chop
Synonym	Both words have the same or similar meanings.	Vacant : Empty
Antonym	Both words have opposite meanings.	Create : Destroy
Intensity/Degree	One word is a more intense form of the other.	Warm : Hot
Study and Topic	One word is the study, and the other is its subject.	Ornithology : Birds
Individual and Group	One word is a single entity, and the other is its collective group.	Fish : Shoal
Symbol and Representation	One word is a symbol for the other concept.	Dove : Peace

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Worker and Tool Relationship)

Question: Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term.

Sculptor : Chisel :: Author : ____

(a) Book

(b) Pen

(d) Paper

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship between Sculptor and Chisel is Worker and Tool. A sculptor uses a chisel to create their work. Similarly, an author uses a pen (or a modern equivalent like a keyboard) as a tool to write. While a book is the final product and paper is the medium, the pen is the direct tool.

Example 2: (Study and Topic Relationship)

Question: Which of the following pairs has the same relationship as Botany : Plants?

(a) Entomology : Insects

(b) Ornithology : Mammals

(d) Mycology : Animals

Answer: (a)
Solution: The relationship is Study and Topic. Botany is the scientific study of plants.
- (a) Entomology is the scientific study of insects. This matches the relationship.
- (b) Ornithology is the study of birds, not mammals.
- (c) Nephrology is the study of kidneys, not nerves.
- (d) Mycology is the study of fungi, not animals.

Example 3: (Part to Whole Relationship)

Question: Identify the incorrect pair based on the "Part to Whole" relationship.

(a) Room : House

(b) Chapter : Book

(d) Car : Road

Answer: (d)
Solution: The relationship required is that the first word is a part of the second word.
- (a) A Room is a part of a House. (Correct)
- (b) A Chapter is a part of a Book. (Correct)
- (c) An Arc is a part of a Circle. (Correct)
- (d) A Car is an object that travels on a Road; it is not a part of the road itself. This pair does not follow the "Part to Whole" relationship.

Example 4: (Intensity/Degree Relationship)

Question: Complete the analogy: Annoyance : Rage :: Drizzle : ____

(a) Rain

(b) Cloud

(d) Storm

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is one of Intensity. Rage is an extreme or intense form of annoyance. Following the same logic, we need to find an intense form of drizzle. A downpour is a heavy, intense form of rain, just as drizzle is a very light form. While 'rain' is related, 'downpour' best captures the increase in intensity.

Concept: Antonym Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This is one of the most common types of analogies, where the two words in a pair have opposite meanings. The relationship is one of direct contrast. To solve these, you need a strong vocabulary and the ability to identify the precise opposite of a given word.

Core Principles

Identify the Contrast: First, confirm that the relationship in the given pair is indeed one of opposites (e.g., Hot : Cold).
Find the Exact Opposite: For the second pair, find the word that is the most direct and common antonym of the given word.
Beware of Nuance: Some words have multiple meanings. The antonym must be for the specific context implied by the pair. For example, the opposite of 'right' could be 'left' or 'wrong' depending on the context.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Direct Antonym)

Question: Complete the analogy: Create : Destroy :: Expand : ____

(a) Widen

(b) Contract

(d) Inflate

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship between Create and Destroy is that they are antonyms; they are opposite actions. We need to find the antonym for Expand.
- (a) Widen is a synonym for expand.
- (b) Contract means to shrink or become smaller, which is the direct opposite of expand.
- (c) Enlarge is a synonym for expand.
- (d) Inflate is a synonym for expand.

Example 2: (Antonym Pair Identification)

Question: Select the pair that best expresses an antonymous relationship.

(a) Abundant : Plentiful

(b) Frugal : Extravagant

(d) Hasty : Quick

Answer: (b)
Solution: We are looking for a pair of words with opposite meanings.
- (a) Abundant and Plentiful are synonyms (meaning more than enough).
- (b) Frugal (sparing or economical) and Extravagant (spending much more than necessary) are direct opposites.
- (c) Transparent and Clear are synonyms.
- (d) Hasty and Quick are synonyms.

Concept: Worker and Workplace Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This type of analogy connects a person or professional (the worker) to the typical location where they perform their job (the workplace). It tests knowledge of various professions and their associated environments.

Core Principles

Identify the Profession and Place: In the given pair, identify the worker and their specific place of work (e.g., Teacher : School).
Ask the "Where" Question: Frame the question as: "Where does a [Worker] work?"
Apply to the Second Pair: Apply the same logic to the second worker to find their corresponding workplace from the options.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Direct Worker and Workplace)

Question: Complete the analogy: Chef : Kitchen :: Scientist : ____

(a) Museum

(b) Experiment

(d) Research

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Worker : Workplace. A Chef works in a Kitchen. Similarly, a Scientist conducts their work in a Laboratory. 'Experiment' and 'Research' are activities, not places.

Example 2: (Workplace and Worker)

Question: Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term.

Court : Judge :: Classroom : ____

(a) Student

(b) Desk

(d) Board

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship here is Workplace : Worker. The Court is the workplace of a Judge. Following the same pattern, the Classroom is the workplace of a Teacher. While students, desks, and boards are found in a classroom, the teacher is the professional who works there, analogous to the judge in a court.

Concept: Individual and Group Relationship (Collective Nouns)

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy links a single item, person, or animal to the name of the group it belongs to. These group names are called collective nouns. This tests vocabulary related to specific collective terms.

Core Principles

Identify the Individual and its Collective: Recognize that one word is the singular entity and the other is its group name (e.g., Flower : Bouquet).
Recall the Specific Term: Knowledge of specific collective nouns is essential. For example, a group of lions is a 'pride,' not a 'herd' or 'flock.'
Match the Category: The group term must be for the correct category. 'Flock' is used for sheep or birds, while 'Herd' is used for cattle or elephants.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Animal and Group)

Question: Complete the analogy: Fish : Shoal :: Wolf : ____

(a) Herd

(b) Pack

(d) Gang

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Individual : Group. A group of Fish is called a Shoal. A group of wolves is called a Pack.

Example 2: (Person and Group)

Question: Choose the pair that has the same relationship as Soldier : Army.

(a) Player : Medal

(b) Sailor : Crew

(d) Musician : Song

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Individual : Group. A Soldier is a member of an Army.
- (a) A Medal is an award for a Player, not a group.
- (b) A Sailor is a member of a Crew. This matches the relationship perfectly.
- (c) A Vote is an action related to a Minister, not a group.
- (d) A Song is a creation of a Musician, not a group.

Concept: Product and Raw Material Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects a finished product to the primary raw material from which it is made. This relationship can also be reversed (Raw Material : Product).

Core Principles

Determine the Flow: Is the analogy Product : Raw Material (e.g., Butter : Milk) or Raw Material : Product (e.g., Grapes : Wine)?
Identify the Primary Ingredient: The raw material should be the fundamental component, not just any ingredient. For example, the primary raw material for paper is pulp.
Maintain the Order: Ensure the order in your answer matches the order in the given pair.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Product : Raw Material)

Question: Complete the analogy: Jaggery : Sugarcane :: Fabric : ____

(a) Cotton

(b) Cloth

(d) Yarn

Answer: (d)
Solution: The relationship is Product : Raw Material. Jaggery is made from Sugarcane. Similarly, Fabric is made from Yarn. While cotton is the source of yarn, yarn is the direct raw material for weaving fabric. 'Cloth' and 'Textile' are synonyms for fabric.

Example 2: (Raw Material : Product)

Question: Select the pair that shares the same relationship as Wood : Furniture.

(a) Leather : Shoe

(b) Tree : Forest

(d) Gold : Mine

Answer: (a)
Solution: The relationship is Raw Material : Product. Wood is the raw material used to make Furniture.
- (a) Leather is the raw material used to make a Shoe. This is the correct answer.
- (b) A Tree is an individual part of a Forest (the group). This is an Individual : Group relationship.
- (c) An Author is the creator of a Book. This is a Creator : Creation relationship.
- (d) A Mine is the place where Gold is found. This is a Product : Source relationship.

Concept: Animal and its Young Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This type of analogy connects an adult animal to its offspring or young one. It requires knowledge of the specific names for the young of various animals.

Core Principles

Identify Parent and Offspring: Recognize the relationship is between an adult animal and its baby (e.g., Dog : Puppy).
Recall Specific Names: You need to know the correct term for the young one. For example, a baby horse is a foal or colt, not a calf.
Avoid Mismatches: Be careful not to confuse the young of one animal with another.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Direct Animal and Young)

Question: Complete the analogy: Cat : Kitten :: Deer : ____

(a) Calf

(b) Joey

(d) Cub

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Animal : Young. A young Cat is called a Kitten. A young Deer is called a Fawn. A Calf is a young cow, a Joey is a young kangaroo, and a Cub is the young of animals like lions, bears, or tigers.

Example 2: (Find the Correct Pair)

Question: Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

(a) Sheep : Kid

(b) Horse : Cub

(d) Hen : Foal

Answer: (c)
Solution: We are looking for the correct Animal : Young pair.
- (a) The young of a Sheep is a Lamb, not a Kid (which is a young goat).
- (b) The young of a Horse is a Foal or Colt, not a Cub.
- (c) The young of a Swan is a Cygnet. This is correct.
- (d) The young of a Hen is a Chick, not a Foal.

Concept: Type and Category (Specific to General) Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This type of analogy, also known as the "Specific to General" or "Example to Class" relationship, presents a pair where one word is a specific example or member of a broader group or category represented by the second word. The core logic is hierarchical classification. To solve these, you need to identify if the first term is a specific kind of the second term.

The Litmus Test: A simple way to confirm this relationship is to frame a sentence: "[Specific Term] is a type of [General Term]." If the sentence makes logical sense, the relationship is correct. For example, "A Lizard is a type of Reptile."

High-Frequency 'Type to Category' Pairs for Competitive Exams

The following table is organized by common domains and includes high-yield examples frequently seen in exams.

Category (General Term)	Type (Specific Example)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
ANIMALS (BIOLOGICAL CLASS)
Reptile	Lizard, Snake, Crocodile, Turtle	Snake : Reptile :: Whale : Mammal
Mammal	Human, Whale, Bat, Lion, Elephant	Bat : Mammal :: Frog : Amphibian
Amphibian	Frog, Salamander, Newt	Frog : Amphibian :: Ant : Insect
Insect	Ant, Beetle, Butterfly, Grasshopper	Beetle : Insect :: Sparrow : Bird
Bird	Sparrow, Crow, Eagle, Ostrich, Penguin	Eagle : Bird :: Salmon : Fish
Fish	Salmon, Tuna, Shark, Goldfish	Shark : Fish :: Lizard : Reptile
ANIMALS (FAMILY/GROUP)
Canine	Dog, Wolf, Fox, Jackal	Fox : Canine :: Tiger : Feline
Feline	Cat, Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Cheetah	Lion : Feline :: Horse : Equine
Rodent	Rat, Mouse, Squirrel, Beaver, Porcupine	Squirrel : Rodent :: Deer : Ungulate
Primate	Monkey, Ape, Human, Lemur	Ape : Primate :: Dolphin : Cetacean
PLANTS & FOOD
Fruit	Apple, Mango, Banana, Orange	Mango : Fruit :: Carrot : Vegetable
Vegetable	Carrot, Spinach, Broccoli, Potato	Spinach : Vegetable :: Wheat : Cereal
Cereal / Grain	Wheat, Rice, Oats, Maize (Corn)	Rice : Cereal :: Clove : Spice
Spice	Turmeric, Pepper, Clove, Cinnamon	Turmeric : Spice :: Tea : Beverage
Beverage	Tea, Coffee, Juice, Milk	Coffee : Beverage :: Bread : Food
OBJECTS & MAN-MADE ITEMS
Furniture	Chair, Table, Bed, Wardrobe	Table : Furniture :: Car : Vehicle
Vehicle	Car, Bus, Bicycle, Ship, Aeroplane	Bus : Vehicle :: Hammer : Tool
Tool	Hammer, Saw, Screwdriver, Wrench	Saw : Tool :: Sword : Weapon
Weapon	Sword, Gun, Spear, Bow, Arrow	Gun : Weapon :: Hut : Dwelling
Dwelling / Residence	House, Apartment, Hut, Mansion, Igloo	Hut : Dwelling :: Shirt : Garment
Garment / Apparel	Shirt, Trouser, Jacket, Saree	Trouser : Garment :: Ring : Ornament
Ornament / Jewellery	Ring, Necklace, Bangle, Earring	Necklace : Ornament :: Novel : Literature
ABSTRACT CONCEPTS & ARTS
Emotion	Joy, Sadness, Anger, Fear, Surprise	Anger : Emotion :: English : Language
Language	English, Hindi, Spanish, Mandarin	Spanish : Language :: Painting : Art
Art Form	Painting, Sculpture, Music, Dance	Sculpture : Art Form :: Fiction : Genre
Genre (Literature/Film)	Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Sci-Fi, Thriller	Poetry : Genre :: Democracy : Government
Form of Government	Democracy, Monarchy, Dictatorship, Republic	Monarchy : Government :: Hinduism : Religion
Religion	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism	Christianity : Religion :: Summer : Season
GEOGRAPHY & SCIENCE
Metal	Iron, Copper, Gold, Aluminium, Silver	Copper : Metal :: Oxygen : Gas
Gas	Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Helium	Hydrogen : Gas :: Earth : Planet
Planet	Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn	Mars : Planet :: Atlantic : Ocean
Ocean	Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic	Atlantic : Ocean :: Mountain : Landform
Landform	Mountain, Valley, Plateau, Plain, Desert	Valley : Landform :: River : Water Body
Water Body	River, Lake, Pond, Sea	Lake : Water Body :: Red : Colour
Colour	Red, Blue, Green, Yellow	Blue : Colour :: Triangle : Shape
Shape	Circle, Square, Triangle, Rectangle	Square : Shape :: Measles : Disease
Disease	Measles, Malaria, Cancer, Influenza	Malaria : Disease :: Physics : Science
Science	Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy	Chemistry : Science :: Mathematics : Subject

Key Strategies for Solving 'Type to Category' Analogies

Use the "is a type of" Test: This is your primary tool. If "A is a type of B" is true, you have your relationship.
Watch for Reversals (Category : Type): A common trap is reversing the order. The analogy might be Reptile : Lizard. In this case, your answer must also follow the General : Specific pattern.
Be Precise with the Category: An answer may be factually correct but not the best fit. For example, in Poodle : Dog, an option like Poodle : Mammal is technically true, but Dog is the more immediate and precise category. Always choose the closest classification.
Leverage General Knowledge: This analogy type heavily relies on your general awareness. Regularly brushing up on basic classifications in science, arts, and geography is very helpful.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Novel : Literature :: Painting : ____

(a) Artist

(b) Art

(d) Canvas

Answer: (b)
Solution: Using the litmus test: "A Novel is a type of Literature." The relationship is Specific : General. We need to find the general category for a painting. "A Painting is a type of Art." This fits perfectly.
- (a) An artist is the creator, not the category.
- (c) Colour is a component of a painting.
- (d) Canvas is the medium on which a painting is often made.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Furniture : Chair.

(a) Vehicle : Car

(b) Letter : Alphabet

(d) Student : Class

Answer: (c)
Solution: First, identify the relationship in the given pair. Furniture is the general category, and Chair is a specific type. So the relationship is General : Specific. We must find an option with the same General : Specific order.
- (a) Vehicle : Car is General : Specific. This is a potential answer. Let's check others.
- (b) Letter : Alphabet is Specific : General ("A Letter is a type of symbol in the Alphabet"). The order is reversed.
- (c) Fruit : Apple is General : Specific. This is also a potential answer.
- Let's re-evaluate. A Chair is Furniture. A Car is a Vehicle. An Apple is a Fruit. The relationships in (a) and (c) are identical to the question's relationship. In many competitive exams, there might be a subtle secondary relationship or the first correct option is chosen. However, both (a) and (c) are valid analogies. Let's assume the question is well-posed and there is only one best answer. In most cases, both would be considered correct. For this example, let's select (c) as it is a very common pairing. A more refined question would avoid such ambiguity. This highlights the need to check all options.
- (d) Student is an individual in a Class (group). This is an Individual : Group relationship.

Example 3: (Testing Precise Knowledge)

Question: Which analogy is correctly stated?

(a) Shark : Mammal

(b) Spider : Insect

(d) Penguin : Mammal

Answer: (c)
Solution: We are looking for a correct Type : Category classification.
- (a) A Shark is a type of fish, not a mammal. (Incorrect)
- (b) A Spider is a type of arachnid, not an insect. Insects have six legs, while arachnids have eight. (Incorrect)
- (c) A Whale is a marine animal, but it breathes air and gives live birth, making it a Mammal. (Correct)
- (d) A Penguin is a type of bird, not a mammal. (Incorrect)

Concept: Part to Whole Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This type of analogy connects a smaller component or constituent part (the "Part") to the larger entity it belongs to (the "Whole"). The fundamental logic is one of composition or structure. You are essentially identifying a piece and the complete object it helps form.

The Litmus Test: To confirm this relationship, frame a sentence like: "A [Part] is a part of a [Whole]." For instance, "A Petal is a part of a Flower." If this sentence is logically sound, you have identified the relationship correctly. Another useful sentence is, "A [Whole] is made up of [Parts]." Example: "A Flower is made up of Petals (and other parts)."

High-Frequency 'Part to Whole' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is structured by common domains to help you quickly recognize these relationships.

Whole (The Complete Entity)	Part (A Component)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
HUMAN BODY & ORGANISMS
Body	Cell, Tissue, Organ	Cell : Tissue :: Brick : Wall
Hand	Finger, Palm, Nail	Finger : Hand :: Toe : Foot
Eye	Retina, Cornea, Pupil, Lens	Retina : Eye :: Engine : Car
Heart	Ventricle, Atrium	Ventricle : Heart :: Chapter : Book
Tree	Leaf, Branch, Root, Trunk	Branch : Tree :: Wing : Bird
Flower	Petal, Stamen, Pistil	Petal : Flower :: Page : Book
OBJECTS & STRUCTURES
Book	Chapter, Page, Index, Cover	Page : Book :: Key : Keyboard
Computer	CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse	CPU : Computer :: Brain : Human
Keyboard	Key, Spacebar	Key : Keyboard :: Spoke : Wheel
Car / Vehicle	Engine, Wheel, Steering, Gear	Engine : Car :: Cockpit : Aeroplane
Aeroplane	Cockpit, Fuselage, Wing, Engine	Cockpit : Aeroplane :: Room : House
House	Room, Kitchen, Door, Window, Roof	Room : House :: Atom : Molecule
Clock / Watch	Needle (Hand), Dial, Spring, Strap	Needle : Clock :: Blade : Fan
Fan	Blade, Motor	Blade : Fan :: Petal : Flower
Chair	Leg, Backrest, Seat	Leg : Chair :: Handle : Cup
Bicycle	Pedal, Chain, Wheel, Handlebar, Spoke	Spoke : Wheel :: Star : Galaxy
GEOGRAPHICAL & ABSTRACT ENTITIES
Country	State, City, Capital	State : Country :: Player : Team
Continent	Country	Country : Continent :: Planet : Solar System
Solar System	Planet, Star (Sun)	Planet : Solar System :: Student : Class
Galaxy	Star, Solar System	Star : Galaxy :: Soldier : Army
Forest	Tree	Tree : Forest :: Brick : Wall
Wall	Brick, Mortar	Brick : Wall :: Word : Sentence
Sentence	Word, Letter, Phrase, Clause	Word : Sentence :: Note : Music
Music / Song	Note, Melody, Rhythm, Lyrics	Note : Music :: Letter : Alphabet
Alphabet	Letter	Letter : Alphabet :: Day : Week
GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS
Team	Player	Player : Team :: Student : Class
Class	Student	Student : Class :: Sailor : Crew
Crew	Sailor	Sailor : Crew :: Soldier : Army
Army / Regiment	Soldier	Soldier : Army :: Employee : Company
Company	Employee	Employee : Company :: Singer : Choir
Choir / Band	Singer / Musician	Singer : Choir :: Minister : Cabinet
Cabinet (Govt.)	Minister	Minister : Cabinet :: Judge : Judiciary

Key Strategies for Solving 'Part to Whole' Analogies

Use the "is a part of" Test: This is the most reliable method. "Is A a part of B?" If yes, the relationship is confirmed.
Watch for Reversals (Whole to Part): A common trick is to reverse the order (e.g., Flower : Petal). Your answer must also follow the Whole : Part sequence.
Distinguish from "Type to Category": This is a crucial distinction. A petal is part of a flower, but a rose is a type of flower. A room is part of a house, but a hut is a type of house. Don't confuse composition with classification.
Identify the Inevitable Connection: The "part" must be an integral component of the "whole." For example, Engine : Car is a strong Part-to-Whole relationship. Driver : Car is a Worker : Tool/Workplace relationship, as the driver is not a physical part of the car itself.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Chapter : Book :: Room : ____

(a) Building

(b) House

(d) Wall

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Part : Whole. A Chapter is a distinct part of a Book. Similarly, a Room is a distinct part of a House. While a house is a type of building, "House" is the more common and direct whole to which a room belongs. A floor is another part of a house, and a wall is a part of a room.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Car : Engine.

(a) Hand : Finger

(b) Book : Chapter

(d) Keyboard : Key

Answer: (d)
Solution: First, identify the relationship in the given pair. A Car is the whole entity, and the Engine is a crucial part. The relationship is Whole : Part. We must find another pair with the same Whole : Part order.
- (a) Hand : Finger is Whole : Part.
- (b) Book : Chapter is Whole : Part.
- (c) House : Room is Whole : Part.
- (d) Keyboard : Key is Whole : Part.
- Note on Ambiguity: This question, like some in real exams, presents multiple options with the same primary relationship. To solve this, a deeper, secondary relationship must be found. The Engine is arguably the most essential functional component of the Car. Applying this secondary logic:
  - A Finger is functional, but a hand can function without one.
  - A Chapter is structural, but a book can exist without a specific chapter.
  - A Room is structural.
  - A Key is the fundamental functional unit of a Keyboard. A keyboard cannot perform its function without keys. This makes Keyboard : Key the strongest parallel to Car : Engine.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from Other Relationships)

Question: Which of the following pairs does NOT represent a Part-to-Whole relationship?

(a) Spoke : Wheel

(b) Pen : Stationery

(d) Blade : Fan

Answer: (b)
Solution: We need to find the pair that is NOT Part : Whole.
- (a) A Spoke is a part of a Wheel. (Correct Part-to-Whole)
- (b) A Pen is a type of Stationery. This is a Type : Category relationship, not Part-to-Whole.
- (c) An Atom is a part of a Molecule. (Correct Part-to-Whole)
- (d) A Blade is a part of a Fan. (Correct Part-to-Whole)

Example 4: (Abstract Part-to-Whole)

Question: Complete the analogy: Letter : Alphabet :: Day : ____

(a) Month

(b) Time

(d) Year

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Part : Whole. A Letter is a fundamental component of the Alphabet. Following this logic, a Day is a fundamental component of a Week. While a day is also part of a month and year, the week is the immediate, sequential whole composed of days, just as the alphabet is a direct sequence of letters.

Concept: Cause and Effect Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects an action, event, or agent (the "Cause") to its resulting outcome or consequence (the "Effect"). The relationship is directional and sequential: the cause happens first and directly leads to the effect. The core of this analogy is understanding logical consequences and outcomes.

The Litmus Test: A simple and effective way to verify this relationship is by framing a sentence: "A [Cause] leads to / results in / causes an [Effect]." For example, "A Virus causes a Disease." If this sentence is logical and direct, the relationship is confirmed.

High-Frequency 'Cause to Effect' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by domain to cover the most common scenarios you will encounter.

Cause (The Trigger/Action)	Effect (The Result/Outcome)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
NATURAL & PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
Rain / Deluge	Flood / Wet	Rain : Flood :: Drought : Famine
Drought	Famine / Scarcity	Drought : Famine :: Spark : Fire
Earthquake	Tsunami / Destruction	Earthquake : Tsunami :: Volcano : Lava
Fire	Burn / Smoke / Ash	Fire : Burn :: Water : Wet
Spark / Friction	Fire / Heat	Spark : Fire :: Virus : Disease
Cloud	Rain / Lightning	Cloud : Rain :: Wound : Pain
Sun	Heat / Light / Sunburn	Sun : Heat :: Joke : Laughter
BIOLOGICAL & MEDICAL
Virus	Disease / Illness (e.g., Influenza)	Virus : Disease :: Bacteria : Infection
Bacteria / Germ	Infection / Sickness	Germ : Infection :: Allergy : Itch
Wound / Injury	Pain / Scar / Bleeding	Wound : Pain :: Effort : Success
Toxin / Poison	Death / Sickness	Poison : Death :: Exercise : Health
Allergy	Itch / Rash / Sneeze	Allergy : Itch :: Insult : Anger
Exercise	Health / Strength / Fatigue	Exercise : Health :: Reading : Knowledge
Medicine	Cure / Relief	Medicine : Cure :: Water : Quench Thirst
HUMAN ACTIONS & EMOTIONS
Race / Running	Fatigue / Tiredness	Race : Fatigue :: Fasting : Hunger
Hard Work / Effort	Success / Achievement	Effort : Success :: Negligence : Failure
Reading / Study	Knowledge / Learning	Reading : Knowledge :: Practice : Perfection
Insult / Provocation	Anger / Fight	Insult : Anger :: Joke : Laughter
Joke / Comedy	Laughter / Amusement	Joke : Laughter :: Sad News : Grief
Threat	Fear / Insecurity	Threat : Fear :: Praise : Pride
Negligence / Carelessness	Error / Accident / Failure	Negligence : Accident :: Diligence : Success
OBJECTS & THEIR EFFECTS
Bomb / Dynamite	Explosion / Destruction	Bomb : Explosion :: Match : Flame
Match / Lighter	Flame / Fire	Match : Flame :: Seed : Plant
Soap / Detergent	Cleanliness	Soap : Clean :: Axe : Cut
Virus (Computer)	System Crash / Data Loss	Virus (Computer) : Crash :: Bug : Glitch
Catalyst	Chemical Reaction	Catalyst : Reaction :: Stimulus : Response
Lubricant	Reduced Friction	Lubricant : Frictionless :: Insulation : No Heat Loss

Key Strategies for Solving 'Cause and Effect' Analogies

Confirm the Direction: This is the most critical step. Is the pair Cause : Effect or Effect : Cause? A common trap is to provide an answer with the reversed order. For example, if the question is Virus : Disease, the answer must also be Cause : Effect, not Success : Hard Work (which is Effect : Cause).
Use the "Results In" Test: Always frame the sentence in your mind. "Does A result in B?"
Distinguish from Tool and Function: This is a subtle but important difference. A Gun : Shoot is a Tool : Function relationship; shooting is the purpose of the gun. A Bomb : Explosion is a Cause : Effect relationship; an explosion is the result of the bomb's detonation. The effect is an outcome, not an intended purpose in the same way.
Look for Logical Certainty: The best cause-and-effect analogies have a strong, direct link. A spark is very likely to cause a fire under the right conditions. An insult is a very common cause of anger. Avoid pairs with a weak or indirect association.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Race : Fatigue :: Fasting : ____

(a) Religion

(b) Weakness

(d) Food

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Cause : Effect. Participating in a Race (the cause) leads to Fatigue (the effect). Following the same logic, Fasting (the cause) leads to Hunger (the effect).

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Success : Hard Work.

(a) Anger : Insult

(b) Infection : Bacteria

(d) Flood : Rain

Answer: (c)
Solution: First, identify the relationship in the given pair. Success is the result or effect, and Hard Work is the cause. The relationship is Effect : Cause. We must find an option with the same Effect : Cause order.
- (a) Anger : Insult is Effect : Cause (An insult causes anger).
- (b) Infection : Bacteria is Effect : Cause (Bacteria cause infection).
- (c) Knowledge : Reading is Effect : Cause (Reading causes knowledge).
- (d) Flood : Rain is Effect : Cause (Rain causes flood).
- Note on Multiple Correct Options: This is a tricky scenario that sometimes appears in exams. All four options follow the Effect : Cause pattern. We must look for a deeper relationship. "Hard Work" is a positive, deliberate human action leading to a positive outcome ("Success"). Let's analyze the options from this perspective:
  - (a) Insult is a negative human action.
  - (b) Bacteria is a biological agent, not a deliberate action.
  - (c) Reading is a positive, deliberate human action leading to a positive outcome ("Knowledge"). This perfectly mirrors the original pair's nuance.
  - (d) Rain is a natural phenomenon.
- Therefore, Knowledge : Reading is the best fit.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from Other Relationships)

Question: Complete the analogy: Threat : Fear :: ____ : ____

(a) Sword : Wound

(b) Needle : Sew

(d) Book : Educate

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Cause : Effect. A Threat (cause) directly leads to the emotion of Fear (effect).
- (a) A Sword is a tool that can cause a wound, but the relationship is closer to Tool : Potential Effect.
- (b) Needle : Sew is a Tool : Function relationship.
- (c) A Joke (cause) directly leads to the reaction of Laughter (effect). This perfectly matches the Stimulus : Emotional Response pattern of the original pair.
- (d) Book : Educate is a Tool/Object : Function relationship.

Concept: Worker and Tool Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects a person, typically a professional or skilled individual (the "Worker"), with the primary instrument or object (the "Tool") they use to perform their job or craft. This relationship tests your knowledge of various professions and the specific implements associated with them.

The Litmus Test: The most effective way to confirm this relationship is by framing the sentence: "A [Worker] uses a [Tool] to do their work." For example, "A Sculptor uses a Chisel to do their work." If this sentence holds true, you have identified the correct relationship.

High-Frequency 'Worker to Tool' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by profession type to help you easily recall and associate workers with their tools.

Worker (The Professional/Person)	Tool (The Primary Instrument)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS
Surgeon	Scalpel, Forceps	Surgeon : Scalpel :: Blacksmith : Anvil
Doctor	Stethoscope, Thermometer	Doctor : Stethoscope :: Carpenter : Saw
Dentist	Drill, Forceps	Dentist : Drill :: Farmer : Plough
Nurse	Syringe, Thermometer	Nurse : Syringe :: Writer : Pen
ARTISTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE
Sculptor	Chisel, Mallet	Sculptor : Chisel :: Potter : Wheel
Potter	Wheel, Clay	Potter : Wheel :: Weaver : Loom
Painter	Brush, Palette, Canvas, Easel	Painter : Brush :: Author : Pen
Author / Writer / Poet	Pen, Keyboard, Paper	Author : Pen :: Chef : Knife
Carpenter	Saw, Hammer, Plane, Chisel	Carpenter : Saw :: Mason : Trowel
Blacksmith	Anvil, Hammer, Tongs	Blacksmith : Anvil :: Cobbler : Awl
Cobbler	Awl, Hammer, Needle	Cobbler : Awl :: Tailor : Needle
Mason	Trowel, Plumb line	Mason : Trowel :: Gardener : Trowel/Hedge Shears
Weaver	Loom	Weaver : Loom :: Butcher : Cleaver
Tailor	Needle, Sewing Machine, Scissors	Tailor : Needle :: Woodcutter : Axe
SKILLED LABOR & TRADES
Farmer	Plough, Tractor, Sickle, Scythe	Farmer : Plough :: Soldier : Gun
Woodcutter / Lumberjack	Axe, Saw	Woodcutter : Axe :: Barber : Scissors
Barber	Scissors, Razor, Comb	Barber : Razor :: Butcher : Cleaver
Butcher	Cleaver, Knife	Butcher : Cleaver :: Fisherman : Net
Fisherman	Net, Rod, Harpoon	Fisherman : Net :: Astronomer : Telescope
Gardener	Trowel, Spade, Rake, Hedge Shears	Gardener : Rake :: Plumber : Wrench
Plumber	Wrench, Pipe	Plumber : Wrench :: Electrician : Pliers
Electrician	Pliers, Screwdriver, Tester	Electrician : Pliers :: Mechanic : Spanner
Mechanic	Spanner, Wrench	Mechanic : Spanner :: Chef : Ladle
ACADEMIC & OTHER PROFESSIONS
Teacher	Chalk, Whiteboard, Books	Teacher : Chalk :: Scientist : Microscope
Scientist	Microscope, Test Tube	Scientist : Microscope :: Astronomer : Telescope

| Astronomer | Telescope | Astronomer : Telescope :: Cartographer : Map |

| Cartographer | Map, Compass | Cartographer : Map :: Photographer : Camera |

| Chef / Cook | Knife, Ladle, Pan, Spatula | Chef : Knife :: Warrior : Sword |

| Soldier / Warrior | Gun, Sword, Shield | Soldier : Gun :: Judge : Gavel |

| Judge | Gavel | Judge : Gavel :: Editor : Manuscript |

| Editor | Manuscript, Blue Pencil | Editor : Manuscript :: Architect : Blueprint |

| Architect | Blueprint, Compass, T-square | Architect : Blueprint :: Surveyor : Theodolite |

| Surveyor | Theodolite, Chain | Surveyor : Theodolite :: Doctor : Stethoscope |

Key Strategies for Solving 'Worker and Tool' Analogies

Use the "Uses a" Test: This is your primary validation method. "Does the Worker use the Tool?"
Identify the Primary Tool: A worker might use multiple tools, but analogy questions usually focus on the most iconic or primary one. A carpenter uses a hammer, but a saw is more specific to their wood-cutting function.
Watch for Reversals (Tool to Worker): Pay close attention to the order. If the analogy is Chisel : Sculptor, your answer must also follow the Tool : Worker pattern.
Distinguish from Worker and Workplace: A common distractor is the workplace. For example, Farmer : Field is Worker : Workplace, whereas Farmer : Plough is Worker : Tool.
Distinguish from Worker and Product: Another distractor is the final product. For example, Author : Book is Worker : Product, but Author : Pen is Worker : Tool.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Carpenter : Saw :: Butcher : ____

(a) Meat

(b) Shop

(d) Cleaver

Answer: (d)
Solution: The relationship is Worker : Tool. A Carpenter uses a Saw to cut wood. We need to find the primary tool of a Butcher. While a butcher uses a knife, a Cleaver is the heavy, specialized knife most iconic to their trade of cutting through bone and meat. It is the best and most specific tool in this context.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Scalpel : Surgeon.

(a) Author : Pen

(b) Anvil : Blacksmith

(d) Gun : Soldier

Answer: (b)
Solution: First, identify the order. A Scalpel is the tool, and the Surgeon is the worker. The relationship is Tool : Worker. We must find an option with the same Tool : Worker order.
- (a) Author : Pen is Worker : Tool. (Reversed)
- (b) An Anvil is the tool/work surface for a Blacksmith. This is Tool : Worker. (Correct)
- (c) Farmer : Plough is Worker : Tool. (Reversed)
- (d) Gun : Soldier could be seen as Tool : Worker, but Soldier : Gun is the more common Worker : Tool format. Between (b) and (d), the anvil is an indispensable and unique tool for a blacksmith, making it a very strong analogy.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from Other Relationships)

Question: Which of the following analogies is correctly stated?

(a) Potter : Clay

(b) Chef : Kitchen

(d) Mason : Building

Answer: (c)
Solution: We are looking for a correct Worker : Tool pair.
- (a) Potter : Clay is a Worker : Raw Material relationship.
- (b) Chef : Kitchen is a Worker : Workplace relationship.
- (c) An Astronomer uses a Telescope as their primary tool to observe celestial bodies. This is a correct Worker : Tool relationship.
- (d) Mason : Building is a Worker : Product relationship (a mason helps construct a building).

Example 4: (Abstract or Non-Physical Tools)

Question: Complete the analogy: Architect : Blueprint :: Editor : ____

(a) Novel

(b) Magazine

(d) Pen

Answer: (c)
Solution: This is a slightly more abstract version of the relationship. An Architect works from or with a Blueprint. The blueprint is their plan or primary working document (a type of tool). Similarly, an Editor works on or with a Manuscript. The manuscript is the raw document they refine. While an editor uses a pen (or computer), the manuscript is the object of their work, analogous to the blueprint for the architect.

Concept: Worker and Workplace Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects a person or professional (the "Worker") to the primary location or environment (the "Workplace") where they perform their job. This relationship tests general knowledge about various professions and where they are typically based.

The Litmus Test: The most effective way to confirm this relationship is by framing the sentence: "A [Worker] works in/at/on a [Workplace]." For example, "A Farmer works in a Field." If this sentence is logical and accurate, the relationship is correctly identified.

High-Frequency 'Worker to Workplace' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by the type of workplace to help you build strong associations.

Worker (The Professional/Person)	Workplace (The Location)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
EDUCATIONAL & RESEARCH SETTINGS
Teacher / Professor	School / College / University	Teacher : School :: Doctor : Hospital
Scientist	Laboratory / Observatory	Scientist : Laboratory :: Chef : Kitchen
Astronomer	Observatory	Astronomer : Observatory :: Judge : Court
MEDICAL & HEALTH FACILITIES
Doctor / Nurse / Surgeon	Hospital / Clinic / Dispensary	Doctor : Hospital :: Lawyer : Court
Chemist / Druggist	Pharmacy / Dispensary	Chemist : Pharmacy :: Grocer : Shop
LEGAL & GOVERNMENT VENUES
Judge / Lawyer / Advocate	Court / Courtroom	Judge : Court :: Teacher : School
Clerk / Bureaucrat	Office	Clerk : Office :: Waiter : Restaurant
Soldier / Warrior	Barracks / Battlefield	Soldier : Battlefield :: Sailor : Ship
COMMERCIAL & SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS
Chef / Cook	Kitchen	Chef : Kitchen :: Painter : Studio
Waiter / Waitress	Restaurant / Hotel	Waiter : Restaurant :: Actor : Stage
Actor / Actress	Stage / Theatre / Studio	Actor : Stage :: Boxer : Ring
Artist / Painter	Studio / Gallery	Painter : Studio :: Scientist : Laboratory
Shopkeeper / Grocer	Shop / Store	Shopkeeper : Shop :: Mechanic : Garage
Mechanic	Garage / Workshop	Mechanic : Garage :: Pilot : Cockpit
Pilot	Cockpit / Aeroplane	Pilot : Cockpit :: Driver : Cabin
Cashier / Banker	Bank	Banker : Bank :: Pharmacist : Dispensary
OUTDOOR & SPECIALIZED LOCATIONS
Farmer	Field / Farm	Farmer : Field :: Miner : Mine
Miner	Mine / Quarry	Miner : Mine :: Lumberjack : Forest
Fisherman	Sea / River / Boat	Fisherman : Sea :: Cowboy : Ranch
Sailor / Mariner	Ship / Deck / Sea	Sailor : Ship :: Soldier : Barracks
Boxer / Wrestler	Ring / Arena	Boxer : Ring :: Cricketer : Pitch
Cricketer	Pitch / Ground / Stadium	Cricketer : Pitch :: Skater : Rink
Umpire / Referee	Pitch / Ground / Court	Umpire : Pitch :: Judge : Court
CRAFT & INDUSTRIAL WORKSPACES
Blacksmith	Forge / Smithy	Blacksmith : Forge :: Potter : Studio
Carpenter	Workshop	Carpenter : Workshop :: Brewer : Brewery
Miller	Mill	Miller : Mill :: Baker : Bakery
Baker	Bakery	Baker : Bakery :: Butcher : Abattoir

Key Strategies for Solving 'Worker and Workplace' Analogies

Use the "Works In/At" Test: This is your go-to method for verification. "Does the Worker work at the Workplace?"
Watch for Reversals (Workplace to Worker): Always check the order. If the analogy is Kitchen : Chef, your answer must also follow the Workplace : Worker pattern.
Distinguish from Worker and Tool: This is the most common point of confusion. A Farmer : Field is Worker : Workplace. A Farmer : Plough is Worker : Tool. Be very clear about this distinction.
Identify the Primary Workplace: A professional might work in multiple places, but the analogy will refer to their primary or most defining location. A doctor might visit homes, but their primary workplace is the hospital or clinic.
Be Specific: Choose the most precise workplace. For a chef, "Kitchen" is a better answer than "Restaurant" because the kitchen is their specific domain within the restaurant. For a pilot, "Cockpit" is more precise than "Aeroplane."

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Judge : Court :: Scientist : ____

(a) Research

(b) Laboratory

(d) Microscope

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Worker : Workplace. A Judge works in a Court. Following this logic, a Scientist works in a Laboratory. 'Research' and 'Experiment' are activities, and a 'Microscope' is a tool.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Pitch : Umpire.

(a) Ring : Boxer

(b) Hospital : Doctor

(d) Laboratory : Scientist

Answer: (d)
Solution: First, identify the order in the given pair. The Pitch is the workplace, and the Umpire is the worker. The relationship is Workplace : Worker. We must find an option with the same Workplace : Worker order.
- (a) Ring : Boxer is Workplace : Worker.
- (b) Hospital : Doctor is Workplace : Worker.
- (c) Chef : Kitchen is Worker : Workplace. (Reversed)
- (d) Laboratory : Scientist is Workplace : Worker.
- Note on Multiple Correct Options: With (a), (b), and (d) all fitting the Workplace : Worker pattern, we look for a secondary relationship. An Umpire is an official who presides over or officiates a game on the pitch. A Judge (from our other examples) presides over a court. A Scientist conducts experiments in a laboratory. A Doctor treats patients in a hospital. A Boxer competes in a ring. The umpire's role is one of observation and judgment, similar to a judge or scientist. The boxer's role is one of participation. Between the remaining options, all are valid, but Laboratory : Scientist is a very strong and common pairing often used in these tests.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from Other Relationships)

Question: Which of the following analogies is correctly stated?

(a) Farmer : Plough

(b) Actor : Stage

(d) Blacksmith : Forge

Answer: (b) & (d)
- (Correction and Clarification: This highlights a potential ambiguity in question design. Let's analyze both.)
Solution: We are looking for a correct Worker : Workplace pair.
- (a) Farmer : Plough is a Worker : Tool relationship.
- (b) An Actor performs on a Stage. This is a correct Worker : Workplace relationship.
- (c) Mechanic : Spanner is a Worker : Tool relationship.
- (d) A Blacksmith works at a Forge. This is also a correct Worker : Workplace relationship.
- In a well-designed single-choice question, you would not have two correct answers. If forced to choose, one might argue the Forge is a more uniquely defining workplace for a blacksmith than a stage is for an actor (who also works in studios). However, both fit the primary definition. This shows the importance of carefully reading the question and all options.

Example 4: (Precision in Workplace)

Question: Complete the analogy: Pilot : Cockpit :: Driver : ____

(a) Car

(b) Road

(d) Vehicle

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Worker : Specific Workplace. A Pilot's control station inside an aeroplane is the Cockpit. The question asks for the analogous specific control station for a Driver (of a truck, bus, or train). While they drive a 'Car' or 'Vehicle' on a 'Road', their specific compartment is the Cabin. This demonstrates the need for precision.

Concept: Object and Function Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects an object, item, or tool (the "Object") with its primary purpose or action (the "Function"). The relationship answers the question: "What is this object used for?" or "What does this object do?"

The Litmus Test: The most reliable way to confirm this relationship is by framing a sentence using a verb: "A [Object] is used to [Function]." For example, "A Needle is used to Sew." If this sentence is logical and describes the object's main purpose, the relationship is correct.

High-Frequency 'Object to Function' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by the type of function to help you build strong associations.

Object (The Item/Tool)	Function (The Primary Action/Purpose)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
CUTTING & PIERCING
Needle / Awl	Sew / Pierce	Needle : Sew :: Axe : Chop
Axe / Saw	Chop / Cut	Axe : Chop :: Knife : Cut
Knife / Sword / Blade	Cut / Slay / Stab	Sword : Slay :: Pen : Write
Scissors / Shears	Cut / Clip	Scissors : Cut :: Shovel : Dig
Scalpel	Incise / Dissect	Scalpel : Incise :: Chisel : Carve
Chisel	Carve / Engrave	Chisel : Carve :: Auger : Bore
Auger / Drill	Bore / Drill	Auger : Bore :: Spade : Dig
HOLDING & FASTENING
Shield	Protect / Defend	Shield : Protect :: Helmet : Guard
Tongs / Pliers / Tweezers	Hold / Grip	Tongs : Hold :: Glue : Adhere
Glue / Gum / Adhesive	Adhere / Stick / Bond	Glue : Adhere :: Stapler : Fasten
Stapler / Pin / Clip	Fasten / Bind	Stapler : Fasten :: Anchor : Moor
Anchor	Moor / Hold	Anchor : Moor :: Brakes : Stop
Brakes	Stop / Halt	Brakes : Stop :: Steering : Steer/Direct
WRITING & COMMUNICATION
Pen / Pencil	Write	Pen : Write :: Microphone : Amplify
Microphone	Amplify (Sound)	Microphone : Amplify :: Telescope : Magnify
Loudspeaker	Amplify (Sound)	Loudspeaker : Amplify :: Camera : Photograph
Camera	Photograph / Capture	Camera : Photograph :: Binoculars : View
Telephone / Mobile	Talk / Communicate	Telephone : Talk :: Radio : Broadcast
Radio	Broadcast / Transmit	Radio : Broadcast :: Television : Telecast
MEASURING & VIEWING
Scale / Ruler	Measure (Length)	Ruler : Measure :: Thermometer : Temperature
Thermometer	Measure (Temperature)	Thermometer : Temperature :: Barometer : Pressure
Barometer	Measure (Pressure)	Barometer : Pressure :: Seismograph : Earthquake
Telescope	View (Distant Objects) / Magnify	Telescope : View :: Microscope : Magnify
Microscope	Magnify (Tiny Objects)	Microscope : Magnify :: Stethoscope : Auscultate
Stethoscope	Auscultate / Listen	Stethoscope : Auscultate :: Balance : Weigh
Balance / Weighing Scale	Weigh	Balance : Weigh :: Compass : Direction
CLEANING & HOUSEHOLD
Broom	Sweep	Broom : Sweep :: Mop : Wipe
Mop / Sponge	Wipe / Absorb	Sponge : Absorb :: Soap : Clean
Soap / Detergent	Clean / Wash	Soap : Clean :: Filter : Purify
Filter	Purify / Strain	Filter : Purify :: Spoon : Feed
Spoon	Feed / Stir	Spoon : Feed :: Ladle : Serve
Sieve / Strainer	Sift / Strain	Sieve : Sift :: Funnel : Channel
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIONS
Shovel / Spade	Dig	Shovel : Dig :: Oar : Row
Oar / Paddle	Row / Propel	Oar : Row :: Wheel : Roll
Wheel	Roll / Rotate	Wheel : Roll :: Steering : Direct
Steering	Direct / Steer	Steering : Steer :: Rudder : Steer
Rudder	Steer (a ship)	Rudder : Steer :: Ball : Play

Key Strategies for Solving 'Object and Function' Analogies

Use the "is Used to" Test: This is the most direct way to check the relationship.
Focus on the Primary Function: An object can have multiple uses, but analogies focus on its main, defining purpose. A pen can be used to poke, but its primary function is to write.
Watch for Reversals (Function to Object): A question might be framed as Sew : Needle. Ensure your answer follows the same Function : Object pattern.
Distinguish from Worker and Tool: This is a crucial distinction. Carpenter : Saw is Worker : Tool. Saw : Cut is Object : Function. The first connects a person to the tool; the second connects the tool to its action.
Use Verb Forms: The function is almost always represented by a verb (e.g., cut, write, measure, protect).

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Broom : Sweep :: Oar : ____

(a) Boat

(b) Water

(d) Float

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Object : Function. A Broom is used to Sweep. Following this logic, an Oar is used to Row a boat.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Protect : Shield.

(a) Pen : Write

(b) Cut : Axe

(d) Dig : Shovel

Answer: (d)
Solution: First, identify the order. Protect is the function, and Shield is the object. The relationship is Function : Object. We must find an option with the same Function : Object order.
- (a) Pen : Write is Object : Function. (Reversed)
- (b) Cut : Axe is Function : Object. (Correct)
- (c) Ruler : Measure is Object : Function. (Reversed)
- (d) Dig : Shovel is Function : Object. (Correct)
- Note on Multiple Correct Options: Both (b) and (d) fit the Function : Object pattern. Let's analyze the verbs. "Protect" is a defensive action. "Cut" and "Dig" are constructive/deconstructive actions. Without further context, both are valid answers. However, in exam settings, such ambiguity is usually avoided. Let's assume the question intends a direct action. Both 'Cut' and 'Dig' are direct actions performed by their respective tools.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from Other Relationships)

Question: Which of the following analogies is NOT based on the Object : Function relationship?

(a) Filter : Purify

(b) Shutter : Camera

(d) Microscope : Magnify

Answer: (b)
Solution: We need to find the pair that does not fit the Object : Function pattern.
- (a) A Filter is used to Purify. (Correct Object : Function)
- (b) A Shutter is a part of a Camera. This is a Part : Whole relationship, not Object : Function.
- (c) A Balance is used to Weigh. (Correct Object : Function)
- (d) A Microscope is used to Magnify. (Correct Object : Function)

Example 4: (Measuring Instruments)

Question: Complete the analogy: Ruler : Length :: Barometer : ____

(a) Temperature

(b) Pressure

(d) Humidity

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Object : Function (to measure something). A Ruler is an instrument used to measure Length. A Barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric Pressure.

Concept: Synonym Relationship (Words with Similar Meanings)

Conceptual Overview and Definition

A synonym relationship connects two words that have the same or a very similar meaning. The analogy tests your ability to recognize this equivalence and apply it to another pair of words. The relationship is one of similarity or identity.

The Litmus Test: To confirm a synonym relationship, ask yourself: "Does [Word A] mean the same as [Word B]?" or "Can [Word A] be replaced by [Word B] in a sentence without changing the core meaning?" For example, "To mend a sock is to repair a sock."

High-Frequency Synonym Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by difficulty/commonality to help you prioritize your vocabulary building.

Level	Word (A)	Synonym (B)
COMMON / FOUNDATIONAL
Big / Large	Huge / Giant	Big : Large :: Small : Tiny
Happy	Joyful / Cheerful	Happy : Joyful :: Sad : Morose
Begin / Start	Commence	Begin : Commence :: End : Conclude
Correct	Right / Accurate	Correct : Accurate :: Wrong : Incorrect
Fast	Quick / Rapid	Fast : Rapid :: Slow : Sluggish
MODERATE / EXAM-FAVORITE
Vacant / Void	Empty	Vacant : Empty :: Full : Replete
Mend / Rectify	Repair	Mend : Repair :: Harm : Injure
Abundant	Plentiful / Ample	Abundant : Plentiful :: Scarce : Meager
Lethal	Deadly / Fatal	Lethal : Fatal :: Tranquil : Calm
Tranquil / Serene	Calm / Peaceful	Tranquil : Peaceful :: Noisy : Raucous
Ponder	Think / Contemplate	Ponder : Contemplate :: Guess : Surmise
Rigid	Stiff / Inflexible	Rigid : Stiff :: Flexible : Pliant
ADVANCED / RANK-DECIDING
Abhor / Loathe	Detest / Hate	Abhor : Hate :: Adore : Love
Cajole / Coax	Persuade	Cajole : Persuade :: Forbid : Prohibit
Ephemeral / Evanescent	Fleeting / Short-lived	Ephemeral : Fleeting :: Eternal : Perpetual
Garrulous / Loquacious	Talkative	Garrulous : Talkative :: Laconic : Terse
Meticulous / Scrupulous	Thorough / Careful	Meticulous : Thorough :: Careless : Negligent
Prodigal / Profligate	Extravagant / Wasteful	Prodigal : Wasteful :: Frugal : Thrifty

Concept: Antonym Relationship (Words with Opposite Meanings)

Conceptual Overview and Definition

An antonym relationship connects two words that have opposite meanings. This tests your ability to identify direct contrasts in your vocabulary. The relationship is one of opposition or negation.

The Litmus Test: To confirm an antonym relationship, ask yourself: "Is [Word A] the opposite of [Word B]?" For example, "The opposite of Create is Destroy."

High-Frequency Antonym Pairs for Competitive Exams

Level	Word (A)	Antonym (B)
COMMON / FOUNDATIONAL
Hot	Cold	Hot : Cold :: Wet : Dry
Create	Destroy	Create : Destroy :: Build : Demolish
Love	Hate	Love : Hate :: Friend : Enemy
Win	Lose	Win : Lose :: Succeed : Fail
Day	Night	Day : Night :: Dawn : Dusk
MODERATE / EXAM-FAVORITE
Expand	Contract / Shrink	Expand : Contract :: Ascend : Descend
Frugal / Thrifty	Extravagant / Prodigal	Frugal : Extravagant :: Humble : Proud
Accept	Reject / Decline	Accept : Reject :: Permit : Forbid
Brave / Valiant	Cowardly / Timid	Brave : Cowardly :: Wise : Foolish
Ancient	Modern	Ancient : Modern :: Crude : Refined
Shallow	Deep	Shallow : Deep :: Narrow : Broad
ADVANCED / RANK-DECIDING
Adversity / Hardship	Prosperity / Fortune	Adversity : Prosperity :: Chaos : Order
Benevolent	Malevolent	Benevolent : Malevolent :: Generous : Selfish
Zenith / Apex / Peak	Nadir / Bottom	Zenith : Nadir :: Climax : Anticlimax
Laud / Praise	Condemn / Criticize	Laud : Condemn :: Exonerate : Convict
Gregarious	Reclusive / Solitary	Gregarious : Reclusive :: Extrovert : Introvert
Alleviate / Mitigate	Exacerbate / Worsen	Alleviate : Worsen :: Fortify : Weaken

Key Strategies for Solving Synonym & Antonym Analogies

First, Identify the Relationship: This is the most critical step. Is the given pair synonymous or antonymous? A mistake here will lead you to the wrong answer.
Look for the Trap: The most common trap is to provide a synonym as an option for an antonym analogy, or vice versa. Always double-check that your answer's relationship matches the question's relationship.
Consider Nuance and Intensity: Sometimes words are similar but not identical. For example, Warm : Hot is a relationship of degree. A good analogy will match this nuance. Annoyed : Furious would be a good parallel.
Use Prefixes and Suffixes: If you don't know a word, look for clues. Prefixes like un-, in-, im-, mal- often indicate a negative or opposite meaning.
Eliminate Wrong Options: Even if you're unsure of the correct answer, you can often eliminate options that have a clearly different relationship (e.g., eliminating a Part : Whole pair when you need a synonym).

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Synonym Relationship)

Question: Complete the analogy: Tranquil : Peaceful :: Vacant : ____

(a) Full

(b) Occupied

(d) Replete

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship between Tranquil and Peaceful is that they are synonyms. We need to find the synonym for Vacant. The word Empty means the same as vacant. Options (a), (b), and (d) are all antonyms.

Example 2: (Antonym Relationship)

Question: Select the pair that best represents an antonymous relationship.

(a) Abundant : Plentiful

(b) Furtive : Secretive

(d) Lethal : Deadly

Answer: (c)
Solution: We are looking for a pair of opposites.
- (a) Abundant and Plentiful are synonyms.
- (b) Furtive and Secretive are synonyms.
- (c) Shallow is the direct opposite of Deep. This is an antonymous pair.
- (d) Lethal and Deadly are synonyms.

Example 3: (Antonym with a Synonym Trap)

Question: Complete the analogy: Laud : Condemn :: Alleviate : ____

(a) Soothe

(b) Mitigate

(d) Exacerbate

Answer: (d)
Solution: First, identify the relationship. To Laud is to praise, while to Condemn is to criticize harshly. This is an antonym relationship. We need the antonym of Alleviate, which means to make something (like pain or a problem) less severe.
- (a), (b), and (c) are all synonyms for alleviate. They are traps for someone who fails to identify the antonym relationship.
- (d) Exacerbate means to make a problem or bad situation worse, which is the direct opposite of alleviate.

Example 4: (Advanced Synonym)

Question: Complete the analogy: Ephemeral : Fleeting :: Meticulous : ____

(a) Careless

(b) Hasty

(d) Superficial

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is synonymous. Ephemeral and Fleeting both mean lasting for a very short time. We need the synonym for Meticulous, which means showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.
- (a), (b), and (d) are all antonyms or near-antonyms.
- (c) Thorough means complete with regard to every detail, which is a strong synonym for meticulous.

Concept: Study and Topic Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects a specific field of study, often ending in "-logy," "-ics," or "-graphy," to its primary subject matter. The relationship answers the question: "What is the scientific study of [Topic] called?" or "What does a person in the field of [Study] focus on?"

The Litmus Test: To confirm this relationship, use the sentence: "[Study] is the study of [Topic]." For example, "Cardiology is the study of the Heart." If this sentence is accurate, you have the correct relationship.

High-Frequency 'Study to Topic' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by the domain of study to facilitate easier learning and recall. The "-logy" suffix generally comes from the Greek word "logos," meaning "study."

Study (The Field/Discipline)	Topic (The Subject Matter)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Cardiology	Heart	Cardiology : Heart :: Neurology : Nerves/Brain
Neurology	Nerves / Brain / Nervous System	Neurology : Nerves :: Dermatology : Skin
Dermatology	Skin	Dermatology : Skin :: Ophthalmology : Eyes
Ophthalmology	Eyes	Ophthalmology : Eyes :: Ornithology : Birds
Ornithology	Birds	Ornithology : Birds :: Entomology : Insects
Entomology	Insects	Entomology : Insects :: Mycology : Fungi
Mycology	Fungi	Mycology : Fungi :: Botany : Plants
Botany	Plants	Botany : Plants :: Zoology : Animals
Zoology	Animals	Zoology : Animals :: Virology : Viruses
Virology	Viruses	Virology : Viruses :: Haematology : Blood
Haematology	Blood	Haematology : Blood :: Nephrology : Kidneys
Nephrology	Kidneys	Nephrology : Kidneys :: Hepatology : Liver
Pathology	Diseases	Pathology : Diseases :: Paediatrics : Children
Paediatrics	Children (and their diseases)	Paediatrics : Children :: Gerontology : Old Age
Gerontology	Old Age / Aging	Gerontology : Old Age :: Osteology : Bones
Osteology	Bones	Osteology : Bones :: Cytology : Cells
Cytology	Cells	Cytology : Cells :: Histology : Tissues
Histology	Tissues	Histology : Tissues :: Ichthyology : Fish
EARTH & SPACE SCIENCES
Geology	Earth / Rocks	Geology : Earth :: Seismology : Earthquakes
Seismology	Earthquakes	Seismology : Earthquakes :: Meteorology : Weather
Meteorology	Weather / Climate	Meteorology : Weather :: Hydrology : Water
Hydrology	Water	Hydrology : Water :: Astronomy : Celestial Bodies
Astronomy	Celestial Bodies (Stars, Planets)	Astronomy : Celestial Bodies :: Speleology : Caves
Speleology	Caves	Speleology : Caves :: Pedology : Soil
Pedology	Soil	Pedology : Soil :: Cartography : Maps
HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
Anthropology	Mankind / Human Cultures	Anthropology : Mankind :: Archaeology : Artifacts/Past
Archaeology	Artifacts / Human Past	Archaeology : Artifacts :: Philology : Languages
Philology / Linguistics	Languages / Words	Philology : Languages :: Etymology : Word Origins
Etymology	Word Origins	Etymology : Word Origins :: Demography : Population
Demography	Population Statistics	Demography : Population :: Psychology : Mind/Behavior
Psychology	Mind / Behavior	Psychology : Mind :: Sociology : Society
Sociology	Society	Sociology : Society :: Theology : Religion/God
Theology	Religion / God	Theology : Religion :: Numismatics : Coins
Numismatics	Coins / Medals	Numismatics : Coins :: Philately : Stamps
Philately	Stamps	Philately : Stamps :: Ergonomics : Work Environment
OTHER FIELDS
Cartography	Maps (Art/Science of map-making)	Cartography : Maps :: Cryptography : Codes
Cryptography	Codes / Ciphers	Cryptography : Codes :: Phycology : Algae
Phycology	Algae	Phycology : Algae :: Sericulture : Silk Production
Oenology	Wine / Winemaking	Oenology : Wine :: Apiology : Bees
Ichthyology	Fish	Ichthyology : Fish :: Herpetology : Reptiles/Amphibians

Key Strategies for Solving 'Study and Topic' Analogies

Use the "is the study of" Test: This is the most reliable method for confirmation.
Watch for Reversals (Topic to Study): A question might be framed as Heart : Cardiology. Ensure your answer follows the same Topic : Study pattern.
Learn Common Suffixes: Recognizing suffixes like -logy (study of), -graphy (writing or field of study), -nomy (system of laws governing), and -ics (art, science, or study of) can help you identify the "Study" part of the pair even if you don't know the exact definition.
Eliminate the Impossible: Even if you don't know the correct answer, you can often eliminate options that clearly do not fit. For instance, if the topic is a part of the body, the study is likely to be a branch of medicine.
Distinguish from Related Concepts: Be careful not to confuse the study with the practitioner (Cardiologist : Heart) or the place (Astronomer : Observatory).

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Geology : Earth :: Seismology : ____

(a) Volcanoes

(b) Earthquakes

(d) Stars

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is Study : Topic. Geology is the study of the Earth. Following this logic, Seismology is the study of Earthquakes.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Coins : Numismatics.

(a) Philately : Stamps

(b) Maps : Cartography

(d) Earthquakes : Seismology

Answer: (d)
Solution: First, identify the order. Coins are the topic, and Numismatics is the study. The relationship is Topic : Study. We must find an option with the same Topic : Study order.
- (a) Philately : Stamps is Study : Topic. (Reversed)
- (b) Maps : Cartography is Topic : Study, but the order is often Cartography : Maps. Let's hold this.
- (c) Study : Books is not a standard Study : Topic analogy.
- (d) Earthquakes are the topic, and Seismology is the study. This is a perfect match for the Topic : Study pattern.

Example 3: (Distinguishing from the Practitioner)

Question: Which of the following analogies is correctly stated?

(a) Ornithologist : Birds

(b) Dermatology : Dermatologist

(d) Cartography : Cartographer

Answer: (c)
Solution: We are looking for a correct Study : Topic pair.
- (a) Ornithologist : Birds is Practitioner : Topic.
- (b) Dermatology : Dermatologist is Study : Practitioner.
- (c) Mycology is the study of Fungi. This is a correct Study : Topic relationship.
- (d) Cartography : Cartographer is Study : Practitioner.

Example 4: (Less Common Fields)

Question: Complete the analogy: Anthropology : Mankind :: Oenology : ____

(a) Old Age

(b) Word Origins

(d) Caves

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Study : Topic. Anthropology is the study of Mankind and human societies. Oenology is the study of Wine and winemaking.

Concept: Intensity/Degree Relationship

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects two words where one is a more intense, extreme, or severe version of the other. The relationship is one of gradation or scale. The words usually belong to the same conceptual category (e.g., both are forms of rain, both are emotions), but they differ in their level of intensity. The order can be from lesser to greater intensity (Low -> High) or greater to lesser (High -> Low).

The Litmus Test: To confirm this relationship, frame a sentence like: "[Word B] is a more intense form of [Word A]." For example, "A Downpour is a more intense form of Drizzle." Or, "[Word A] can escalate into [Word B]." For example, "Annoyance can escalate into Rage."

High-Frequency 'Intensity/Degree' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by the type of concept to help you recognize these relationships across different domains. All examples below follow the Low Intensity -> High Intensity pattern.

Category	Low Intensity Word	High Intensity Word
WEATHER & TEMPERATURE
Drizzle / Sprinkle	Rain / Downpour / Deluge	Drizzle : Downpour :: Breeze : Gale
Breeze	Wind / Gale / Hurricane	Breeze : Wind :: Puddle : Pond
Warm / Tepid	Hot / Scalding / Boiling	Warm : Hot :: Cool : Cold
Cool	Cold / Freezing	Cool : Freezing :: Damp : Soaked
Damp / Moist	Wet / Soaked / Saturated	Damp : Wet :: Trickle : Gush
Trickle	Stream / Flow / Gush	Trickle : Gush :: Whiff : Aroma
EMOTIONS & FEELINGS
Annoyance / Irritation	Anger / Rage / Fury	Annoyance : Rage :: Sadness : Grief
Sadness / Unhappiness	Grief / Misery / Sorrow	Sadness : Misery :: Fear : Terror
Fear / Apprehension	Terror / Horror / Panic	Fear : Terror :: Happiness : Ecstasy
Happiness / Joy	Ecstasy / Bliss / Elation	Happiness : Ecstasy :: Dislike : Detest
Dislike / Aversion	Hate / Detest / Abhor	Dislike : Hate :: Surprise : Astonishment
Surprise / Startle	Astonishment / Shock / Awe	Surprise : Shock :: Wish : Crave
Wish / Desire	Crave / Long for	Wish : Crave :: Smile : Laugh
Smile / Grin	Laugh / Guﬀaw	Smile : Laugh :: Weep : Sob
ACTIONS & EVENTS
Speak / Talk	Shout / Yell / Scream	Speak : Shout :: Walk : Run
Walk / Stroll	Run / Sprint / Dash	Walk : Run :: Sip : Gulp
Sip	Drink / Gulp / Guzzle	Sip : Gulp :: Nibble : Devour
Nibble / Bite	Eat / Devour / Gorge	Nibble : Devour :: Touch : Strike
Touch / Tap	Push / Strike / Hit	Touch : Hit :: Disagree : Quarrel
Disagree / Argue	Quarrel / Fight / Dispute	Disagree : Quarrel :: Request : Demand
SIZE & QUALITY
Small / Tiny	Large / Huge / Gigantic	Tiny : Huge :: Puddle : Ocean
Puddle	Pond / Lake / Ocean	Puddle : Lake :: Hill : Mountain
Hill / Hillock	Mountain	Hill : Mountain :: Mistake : Blunder
Mistake / Error	Blunder / Fiasco	Mistake : Blunder :: Displeased : Furious
Dirty / Soiled	Filthy / Squalid	Dirty : Filthy :: Famous : Legendary
Famous / Well-known	Renowned / Legendary	Famous : Renowned :: Crime : Sin
SENSATION
Whiff / Scent	Smell / Aroma / Stench	Whiff : Aroma :: Glimmer : Shine
Glimmer / Gleam	Shine / Radiate / Blaze	Glimmer : Blaze :: Whisper : Shout
Whisper	Murmur / Speak / Shout	Whisper : Speak :: Humid : Saturated

Key Strategies for Solving 'Intensity/Degree' Analogies

Identify the Direction of Intensity: This is crucial. Is the relationship Low -> High or High -> Low? Your answer must follow the same directional flow.
Use the "is a more intense form of" Test: This sentence structure is your best friend for confirming the relationship.
Ensure Conceptual Similarity: The two words in a pair must belong to the same category. Warm and Hot both describe temperature. Breeze and Gale both describe moving air. A pair like Warm : Breeze would be incorrect as they describe different concepts (temperature vs. wind).
Match the Degree of Change: A good analogy will have a similar "jump" in intensity. The jump from Drizzle to Downpour is significant. The jump from Walk to Run is a similar significant increase in speed and effort.
Look for Traps: A common trap is to provide a synonym or an antonym as an option. Stay focused on the gradation aspect.

Verified Examples

Example 1: (Straightforward Application)

Question: Complete the analogy: Smile : Laugh :: Walk : ____

(a) Stand

(b) Run

(d) Stroll

Answer: (b)
Solution: The relationship is one of increasing intensity. A Laugh is a more intense and expressive form of a Smile. Following this Low -> High pattern, we need a more intense form of a Walk. To Run is a more intense, faster form of walking.

Example 2: (Identifying the Reversal Trap)

Question: Select the pair that has the same relationship as Rage : Annoyance.

(a) Fear : Terror

(b) Downpour : Drizzle

(d) Blunder : Mistake

Answer: (b), (c), (d)
- (Correction and Clarification: This is a great example of a question that requires careful analysis of multiple correct-looking options.)
Solution: First, identify the order. Rage is the high-intensity emotion, and Annoyance is the low-intensity emotion. The relationship is High Intensity -> Low Intensity. We must find an option with the same High -> Low order.
- (a) Fear : Terror is Low -> High. (Reversed)
- (b) Downpour : Drizzle is High -> Low. (Correct)
- (c) Ecstasy : Happiness is High -> Low. (Correct)
- (d) Blunder : Mistake is High -> Low. (Correct)
- Finding the Best Fit: When multiple options have the correct order, look for a secondary relationship. Rage and Annoyance are both emotions.
  - (b) Downpour and Drizzle describe weather (rain).
  - (c) Ecstasy and Happiness are both emotions. This pair matches the conceptual category of the original pair perfectly.
  - (d) Blunder and Mistake describe errors.
- Therefore, Ecstasy : Happiness is the strongest analogy because it maintains both the High -> Low intensity direction and the conceptual category of emotions.

Example 3: (Weather-Related Intensity)

Question: Complete the analogy: Breeze : Gale :: ____ : ____

(a) Rain : Cloud

(b) Puddle : Ocean

(d) Warm : Hot

Answer: (c) or (b)
- (Clarification: Both are strong contenders, let's analyze.)
Solution: The relationship is Low Intensity -> High Intensity. A Gale is a very strong wind, a much more intense version of a Breeze.
- (a) Rain : Cloud is Effect : Cause. (Incorrect relationship)
- (b) Puddle : Ocean. An Ocean is a vastly larger body of water than a puddle. This is a very strong analogy of scale/degree.
- (c) Wave : Tsunami. A Tsunami is a massive, highly destructive wave, a much more intense version of a regular wave. This is also a very strong analogy.
- (d) Warm : Hot is a correct Low -> High relationship.
- Choosing the Best Analogy: Between (b), (c), and (d), both (b) and (c) relate to natural water phenomena, similar to how 'Breeze' and 'Gale' relate to natural air phenomena. The jump in scale from Puddle to Ocean is arguably even larger than from Breeze to Gale, but Wave to Tsunami captures the idea of a normal phenomenon becoming extremely powerful and dangerous, which is a great parallel to Breeze vs. Gale. In an exam, both (b) and (c) would be considered very strong answers.

Example 4: (Action-Related Intensity)

Question: Complete the analogy: Sip : Gulp :: Touch : ____

(a) Feel

(b) Hand

(d) Finger

Answer: (c)
Solution: The relationship is Low Intensity -> High Intensity. To Gulp is to drink in a much faster, more forceful way than to Sip. We need a more intense version of the action Touch. To Strike (or hit) is a much more forceful action than to simply touch.

Concept: Individual and Group Relationship (Collective Nouns)

Conceptual Overview and Definition

This analogy connects a single person, animal, or object (the "Individual") to the specific term used for a collection or group of them (the "Group"). The group word is known as a collective noun. This relationship tests vocabulary, specifically your knowledge of these often unique and specific collective terms.

The Litmus Test: To confirm this relationship, frame the sentence: "A group of [Individuals] is called a [Group]." For example, "A group of Lions is called a Pride." If this sentence is accurate, you have the correct relationship.

High-Frequency 'Individual to Group' Pairs for Competitive Exams

This table is organized by the type of individual to help you memorize these collective nouns effectively.

Individual (The Single Entity)	Group (The Collective Noun)	Analogy Example (A : B :: C : D)
ANIMALS (MAMMALS)
Lion	Pride	Lion : Pride :: Wolf : Pack
Wolf / Dog / Hound	Pack	Wolf : Pack :: Cattle : Herd
Cattle / Elephant / Deer / Horse	Herd	Cattle : Herd :: Fish : Shoal
Sheep / Goat	Flock / Herd	Sheep : Flock :: Bird : Flight
Antelope	Herd	Antelope : Herd :: Monkey : Troop
Monkey / Baboon	Troop / Barrel	Monkey : Troop :: Whale : Pod
Whale / Dolphin / Seal	Pod / School / Herd	Whale : Pod :: Bee : Swarm
Pig / Hog	Drove / Herd	Pig : Drove :: Kangaroo : Mob
Kangaroo	Mob / Troop	Kangaroo : Mob :: Cat : Clowder
ANIMALS (BIRDS)
Bird	Flock / Flight (in air) / Aviary	Bird : Flock :: Fish : Shoal
Goose	Gaggle (on ground) / Skein (in air)	Goose : Gaggle :: Chicken : Brood
Chicken / Hen	Brood / Flock	Chicken : Brood :: Quail : Bevy
Quail / Swan	Bevy	Quail : Bevy :: Owl : Parliament
Owl	Parliament	Owl : Parliament :: Crow : Murder
Crow / Raven	Murder / Unkindness	Crow : Murder :: Starling : Murmuration
Sparrow	Host	Sparrow : Host :: Eagle : Convocation
Peacock	Muster / Ostentation	Peacock : Muster :: Parrot : Pandemonium
ANIMALS (INSECTS & OTHERS)
Fish	Shoal / School	Fish : Shoal :: Bee : Swarm
Bee / Ant / Fly / Locust	Swarm / Colony / Hive (for bees)	Bee : Swarm :: Ant : Colony
Ant	Colony / Army	Ant : Army :: Caterpillar : Army
Caterpillar	Army	Caterpillar : Army :: Frog : Army
Frog	Army / Colony	Frog : Army :: Snake : Nest / Den
Locust	Plague / Swarm	Locust : Plague :: Lion : Pride
PEOPLE
Soldier / Warrior	Army / Regiment / Troop / Battalion	Soldier : Army :: Sailor : Crew
Sailor	Crew	Sailor : Crew :: Player : Team
Player	Team	Player : Team :: Musician : Band/Orchestra
Musician	Band / Orchestra	Musician : Band :: Singer : Choir
Singer	Choir	Singer : Choir :: Director : Board
Director	Board	Director : Board :: Minister : Cabinet/Council
Artist / Performer	Troupe	Artist : Troupe :: Student : Class
Student	Class / Batch	Student : Class :: Pilgrim : Caravan
Robber / Thief	Gang / Band	Robber : Gang :: Employee : Staff
Judge	Bench	Judge : Bench :: Sage : Council
THINGS (OBJECTS)
Star	Constellation / Galaxy	Star : Constellation :: Ship : Fleet
Ship / Boat	Fleet / Flotilla	Ship : Fleet :: Flower : Bouquet/Bunch
Flower	Bouquet / Bunch / Garland	Flower : Bouquet :: Grape : Bunch
Grape	Bunch	Grape : Bunch :: Tree : Forest/Grove
Tree	Forest / Grove / Orchard (fruit trees)	Tree : Forest :: Mountain : Range
Mountain	Range / Chain	Mountain : Range :: Island : Archipelago
Island	Archipelago	Island : Archipelago :: Key : Bunch
Key / Banana	Bunch	Key : Bunch :: Stick : Bundle
Stick	Bundle	Stick : Bundle :: Paper : Ream

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[Verbal Analogy] [Word Relationship] Complete the analogy: Poodle: Dog:: Moose: ____ ? & more

Reasoning: Analogy

Detailed Solution

Competitive Approach

Analysis of Options

Option (a) Duck

Option (b) Donkey

Option (c) Fowl

Option (d) Deer

Related Key Points for Competitive Exams

Key Concepts for Competitive Exams (In-depth)

Concept: Analogies (Verbal Reasoning)

Verified Examples

Concept: Antonym Relationship

Verified Examples

Concept: Worker and Workplace Relationship

Verified Examples

Concept: Individual and Group Relationship (Collective Nouns)

Verified Examples

Concept: Product and Raw Material Relationship

Verified Examples

Concept: Animal and its Young Relationship

Verified Examples

Concept: Type and Category (Specific to General) Relationship

High-Frequency 'Type to Category' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Type to Category' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Part to Whole Relationship

High-Frequency 'Part to Whole' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Part to Whole' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Cause and Effect Relationship

High-Frequency 'Cause to Effect' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Cause and Effect' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Worker and Tool Relationship

High-Frequency 'Worker to Tool' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Worker and Tool' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Worker and Workplace Relationship

High-Frequency 'Worker to Workplace' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Worker and Workplace' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Object and Function Relationship

High-Frequency 'Object to Function' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Object and Function' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Synonym Relationship (Words with Similar Meanings)

High-Frequency Synonym Pairs for Competitive Exams

Concept: Antonym Relationship (Words with Opposite Meanings)

High-Frequency Antonym Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving Synonym & Antonym Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Study and Topic Relationship

High-Frequency 'Study to Topic' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Study and Topic' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Intensity/Degree Relationship

High-Frequency 'Intensity/Degree' Pairs for Competitive Exams

Key Strategies for Solving 'Intensity/Degree' Analogies

Verified Examples

Concept: Individual and Group Relationship (Collective Nouns)

High-Frequency 'Individual to Group' Pairs for Competitive Exams

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